Clara Barton: Teacher, Nurse, Leader
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about Clara Barton, a nurse and founder of the American Red Cross, with this exciting nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, an additional project, discussion questions, and other useful features. This 20-page full-color book details the life and legacy of Clara Barton using historical images and grade-level text. It also covers important topics such as leadership and volunteerism, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about American leaders, helping others, and U.S. History.
The Preamble
Spirit of America
Part of the iCivics series
Learn the history behind the phrase "We the people". This nonfiction book analyzes the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution in an exciting and informative way. The book includes a glossary, a short fiction piece related to the topic, and a bonus activity. With this book that's perfect for young readers, students can see how the powerful words of the Preamble are reflected in American government. This 32-page full-color book describes the creation of the U.S. Constitution and the Preamble. It also explores important topics like justice and liberty and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore the Constitution, structure of government, and United States history.
We Can Vote
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to be informed voters with this nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, this book includes bright images, a fiction piece related to the topic, a project, simple text with sight words, and more helpful features. This 20-page full-color book describes how people can make wise decisions about whom to vote for. It also covers civics themes such as leadership and civic duty, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about the voting process, democracy, and being informed.
Civic Duty
Working Together
Part of the iCivics series
Students will learn that small actions can make a big difference! This nonfiction book explains why civic duties are important and how to fulfill them. The book includes a glossary and a short fiction piece related to the topic. With examples of heroes like Jackie Robinson and Sandra Day O'Connor, this book and the accompanying project will help students see what it means to be leaders. This 32-page full-color book describes the importance of civic duties while giving examples of people who can serve as role models for students. It also explores important topics like leadership and civil rights, and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to discover civic responsibility, politicians, and what it takes to make a difference.
Leaders in the Community
Part of the iCivics series
Learn what it takes to be a community leader. This nonfiction book emphasizes the importance of local leaders and it includes a fiction story related to the topic, glossary, bonus activity, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book describes the roles and responsibilities of various leadership positions. It also covers important civics topics like volunteerism and leadership, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore communities, local government, and how individuals can make a difference.
Presidents
Part of the iCivics series
Learn what it means to be president of the United States. This nonfiction book uses pictures and words to show students the many roles the president plays. Perfect for young readers, this book includes a fiction piece related to the topic, relevant images, an additional project, and other exciting features. This 20-page full-color book explores the various responsibilities of the president, from signing bills into laws to helping those in need. It also covers important topics like leadership and democracy, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about national government, the executive branch, and presidential duties.
Community Heroes
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the real, everyday heroes in your community with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, a bonus project, and other exciting features. This 20-page full-color book explores the responsibilities of local heroes, from food workers to trash collectors. It also covers key civics concepts like leadership and helping others, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about careers, communities, and being responsible.
Changing Our Community
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how streets are fixed, sidewalks get added, and new schools are built with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a glossary, an additional project, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book describes the many ways individuals can make changes in their communities. It also covers essential civics topics such as leadership and voting, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore voting, local government, and being an informed citizen.
What Is an Election?
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the process of electing government leaders! This nonfiction book explains how elections work and ways for individuals to stay involved in government. The book also includes a related fiction piece, a glossary, an extension activity, and other helpful features. Perfect for young readers, this book will show students how to be informed citizens when it comes to elections and campaigns. This 32-page full-color book describes the presidential election process with examples from United States history. It also explores essential topics such as leadership and civic duty and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore political parties, government leaders, and the structure of America's representative democracy.
My Country, 'Tis of Thee
Part of the iCivics series
Discover what freedom means! This nonfiction book explains the song "America" in an easy-to-follow way. Made for young readers, the book includes a fiction story about the song, discussion questions, an additional project, and more useful features. This 24-page full-color book analyzes "America" line by line to make sure students understand. It also covers important topics related to national pride, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about symbols, freedom, and U.S. History.
The World in My Neighborhood
Part of the iCivics series
Discover the people, sights, sounds, and smells that fill a neighborhood with this nonfiction book! Ideal for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, discussion questions, a connected project, and other exciting features. This 24-page full-color book explores life in one neighborhood using the five senses. It also connects key ideas such as community and culture to students' daily lives, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about community culture, and people coming together.
Dollars and Cents
Part of the iCivics series
Learn all about money with this relevant nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, the book includes simple text, helpful pictures, a connected project, a fiction piece related to the topic, and more beneficial features. This 20-page full-color book details the various coins and bills used in the United States. It also covers key economics subjects in an easy-to-follow way and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about the economy, ways to spend money, and the value of coins and bills.
John Lewis
Making Good Trouble
Part of the iCivics series
This nonfiction book gives students a close-up look at Congressman and activist John Lewis, who inspired important change in America with his fight for equal justice. Perfect for young readers, the book also includes a glossary and a short fiction piece related to the topic. With an extension activity and other helpful features, this book teaches students that one person can make a difference in their community-and their country. Explore the life of John Lewis with easy-to-read text and exciting pictures. This 32-page full-color book covers important ideas like civic duty and responsibilities and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore the civil rights movement, American leaders, and U.S. history.
Clean Air to Share
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the environment and how to protect it! This nonfiction book explains what individuals and the government can do to keep Earth's air clean. The book includes a glossary and a short fiction piece related to the topic. With this fun, informative book and the additional activity, students will learn how to make their planet healthier. This 32-page full-color book describes current threats to the environment and explains how their effects can be limited. It also explores important concepts like clean energy and upcycling and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore greenhouse gases, pollution, and finding solutions to help the planet.
Creativity in Communities
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the creative ways Americans help their communities. This nonfiction book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, fun activity, glossary, and other helpful tools. With this fun and informative book, students will see all the wonderful things that can happen when communities create together! This 32-page full-color book describes the importance of community involvement while giving examples of creative leaders across the country. It also explores concepts such as creative problem-solving and volunteerism and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore working together, civic responsibility, and ways to improve one's community.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
American Leader
Part of the iCivics series
Learn to be a leader by exploring the legacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower. This nonfiction book describes Eisenhower's leadership in World War II and beyond. Ideal for young readers, the book also includes a short fiction story related to the topic, glossary, inspiring civics project, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explores the path Eisenhower took on his way to becoming the 34th president of the United States. It also covers important themes such as government and leadership, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore World War II, American presidents, and what it takes to lead.
Dwight D. Eisenhower: American Leader
Part of the iCivics series
Learn to be a leader by exploring the legacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower. This nonfiction book describes Eisenhower's leadership in World War II and beyond. Ideal for young readers, the book also includes a short fiction story related to the topic, glossary, inspiring civics project, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explores the path Eisenhower took on his way to becoming the 34th president of the United States. It also covers important themes such as government and leadership, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore World War II, American presidents, and what it takes to lead.
Meet and Greet
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to greet others politely! This nonfiction book covers a variety of greetings and farewell gestures that students can use in everyday life. Perfect for young readers, this book also includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, a bonus activity, and other useful features. This 20-page full-color book uses pictures and words to teach students how to greet others. It also covers important life skills such as meeting new people and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about polite communication, meeting new people, and friendly interactions.
Payday!
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the choices people make with their money. This nonfiction book explores how people save and spend what they earn on payday. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, discussion questions, an exciting project, and other meaningful features. This 24-page full-color book explains what a payday is and what people may choose to do with their money. It also covers key economics concepts such as saving and spending, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about the economy, money management, and wants vs. needs.
American Indian Leaders Today
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about American Indian tradition and the important part it has on American culture. This nonfiction book shows how American Indian changemakers work to preserve their cultures and promote fairness. The book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, a glossary, a meaningful activity, and other great tools. Students will learn about and appreciate the dedication of American Indian leaders. This 32-page full-color book explains the important work of American Indian leaders and their interactions with government. Is also explores essential topics such as leadership and fairness and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to discover tribal Nations, American Indian culture, and the relationship between communities and government.
How to Vote
Part of the iCivics series
Help teach students about the voting process with this nonfiction book. Made for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a bonus project, discussion questions, and other helpful features. This 24-page full-color book explains how the voting process works and encourages students to study candidates. It also covers essential concepts such as democracy and civic duty and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore elections, leadership, and being an informed voter.
Volunteers to the Rescue
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to help others in your community. This exciting nonfiction book describes the many ways that volunteers make a difference, from cleaning up parks to helping in food banks. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a short fiction story related to the topic, discussion questions, a connected activity, and more useful features. This 24-page full-color book explores the various ways people volunteer and encourages students to give back. It also covers important themes such as community and empathy, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore volunteerism, donating, and helping others.
Every Dollar Makes a Difference
Part of the iCivics series
Students will learn how fundraising can make a difference with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a related fiction story, an exciting project, a glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book describes the process of fundraising for a good cause or charity. It also covers key civics topics such as community and giving back, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore getting organized, raising money, and individuals making a difference.
Fair Play
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to be a good sport with this fun nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, this book explores teamwork with bright images, a fiction story related to the topic, an additional project, and other beneficial features. This 24-page full-color book describes the qualities of a good sport, including sharing the ball and cheering for others. It also covers key themes such as teamwork and kindness, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore how to be fair on the court, on the field, and in life.
Solving Problems Together
Part of the iCivics series
Learn to solve problems together with this nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a connected project, glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explores real-world problems and how individuals have come together to find solutions. It also covers key topics like creative problem-solving and brainstorming, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore important world issues, communication, and collaboration.
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
Inspiring Olympics for All
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about Eunice Kennedy Shriver, the founder of the Special Olympics who wanted to give everyone the opportunity to play the sports they love. This nonfiction book explores how she created places for athletes with disabilities to shine. Ideal for young readers, this book includes a fiction story related to the topic, discussion questions, an additional project, and other meaningful features. This 24-page full-color book describes the life and legacy of Eunice Kennedy Shriver. It also covers important topics such as acceptance and inclusivity, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about people with disabilities, amazing athletes, and leadership.
Fannie Lou Hamer
Fighting for the Rights of Others
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the incredible story of Fannie Lou Hamer! Explore the legacy of this civil rights activist, teaching students about Fannie Lou Hamer's fight for equal rights. This 32-page nonfiction book covers important topics like equality and voting rights. Perfect for use in the classroom or at-home learning to explore activism, U.S. history, and the civil rights movement. Includes a short fiction piece to help students relate to the topic and engaging text features such as a glossary, useful discussion questions, and a "Civics in Action" activity designed to get students thinking and talking about social issues.
You Have Rights!
by Elizabeth Anderson Lopez
Part of the iCivics series
Teach students they have rights! This nonfiction book explains what rights are and encourages students to protect their own. Made for young readers, this book includes a fiction story connected to the topic, interactive discussion questions, a related project, and other helpful features. This 24-page full-color book explains what rights are while encouraging students to stand up for themselves and each other. It also guides students toward becoming informed individuals as they recognize their rights, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore basic human rights, education, and equality.
Who We Are
Part of the iCivics series
Discover the meaning of culture! This nonfiction book examines diverse cultures and encourages students to celebrate their differences. Made for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, an extension activity, discussion questions, and more beneficial features. This 24-page full-color book describes how food, games, holidays, and more vary from culture to culture. It also covers relevant themes such as kindness and being different, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about multicultural society, world studies, and diversity.
I Pledge Allegiance
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the pledge of allegiance and the meaning behind the powerful words with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, this book will help with memorization and understanding. The book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, colorful images, an additional project, and other meaningful features. This 20-page full-color book analyzes the pledge line by line so students can understand every word. It also covers important civics topics such as justice and liberty, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about symbols, freedom, and national pride.
See Something, Say Something
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to react when you see something wrong or dangerous with this relevant nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a connected civics project, a glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explains in an easy-to-understand way that students should talk to a trusted adult about things that make them uncomfortable or scared. It also covers serious subjects such as bullying and "stranger danger", and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore kindness, leadership, and standing up for what is right.
Follow That Dollar
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about the economy and how money is spent with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the exciting book follows the journey of a single dollar and includes a fiction piece related to the topic, a glossary, a civics project, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book tracks one dollar as it is spent and travels from person to person or place to place. It also covers important economics topics in an easy-to-follow way, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore taxes, tips, and other key economic concepts.
Your Vote, Your Voice
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about elections and why voting is important with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book also includes a related fiction story, project, glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book examines a variety of voting issues and how the election process works. It also covers important topics like democracy and civic duty, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore election issues, candidates, and being an informed citizen.
What Is Media?
by Elizabeth Anderson Lopez
Part of the iCivics series
This nonfiction book gives students a close-up look at media by exploring all forms and how it plays an important role in society. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a glossary and a short fiction piece related to the topic. Students will learn to tell the difference between facts and opinions with this exciting book and the accompanying extension activity. This 32-page full-color book defines media, explains how to separate fact from fiction. It also covers important ideas like democracy and censorship, plus includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to discover about bias, sharing information, and the history of media.
Good People Everywhere
Part of the iCivics series
Learn that everyone has the power to show kindness with this fun and meaningful nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, this book includes colorful images and words, a short fiction piece related to the topic, a connected project, and more great features. This 20-page full-color book describes various ways that people are kind to one another and to animals. It also covers key topics such as sharing and helping others, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about making a difference, kindness, and working together.
Park Rangers
Part of the iCivics series
Teach students about the park rangers who protect U.S. national parks. This nonfiction book explains the roles and responsibilities of park rangers in an easy-to-follow way. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a map of national parks, a fiction story related to the topic, an extension activity, discussion questions, and more exciting features. This 24-page full-color book describes what park rangers do to help both nature and people. It also covers important topics such as sharing knowledge and responsibility, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore national parks, preserving nature, and interesting careers.
Will You Sign My Petition?
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how the power of a petition can give Americans the ability to create real change! This nonfiction book includes a related short fiction piece, glossary, an exciting bonus activity, and other useful tools. The fun images and meaningful text will teach students how to be responsible citizens who can improve their communities by writing petitions. This 32-page full-color book describes the purpose of petitions and how they can be used to make a difference. It also explores important topics such as laws and democracy and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore working together, First Amendment rights, and ways to create change.
The Flag
Part of the iCivics series
Discover what the American flag means with this fun nonfiction book! Ideal for young readers, this book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, discussion questions, a connected activity, and other helpful features. This 20-page full-color book explains what the flag represents and why it makes Americans proud. It also challenges students to explore the meaning of the flag with thought-provoking questions, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about U.S. History, symbols of freedom, and national pride.
Good People Everywhere
Part of the iCivics series
Learn that everyone has the power to show kindness with this fun and meaningful nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, this book includes colorful images and words, a short fiction piece related to the topic, a connected project, and more great features. This 20-page full-color book describes various ways that people are kind to one another and to animals. It also covers key topics such as sharing and helping others, and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about making a difference, kindness, and working together.
Park Rangers
Part of the iCivics series
Teach students about the park rangers who protect U.S. national parks. This nonfiction book explains the roles and responsibilities of park rangers in an easy-to-follow way. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a map of national parks, a fiction story related to the topic, an extension activity, discussion questions, and more exciting features. This 24-page full-color book describes what park rangers do to help both nature and people. It also covers important topics such as sharing knowledge and responsibility and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore national parks, preserving nature, and interesting careers.
The Preamble
The Spirit of America
Part of the iCivics series
Learn the history behind the phrase "We the people". This nonfiction book analyzes the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution in an exciting and informative way. The book includes a glossary, a short fiction piece related to the topic, and a bonus activity. With this book that's perfect for young readers, students can see how the powerful words of the Preamble are reflected in American government. This 32-page full-color book describes the creation of the U.S. Constitution and the Preamble. It also explores important topics like justice and liberty and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to explore the Constitution, structure of government, and United States history.
American Indian Leaders Today
Part of the iCivics series
Learn about American Indian tradition and the important part it has on American culture. This nonfiction book shows how American Indian changemakers work to preserve their cultures and promote fairness. The book includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, a glossary, a meaningful activity, and other great tools. Students will learn about and appreciate the dedication of American Indian leaders. This 32-page full-color book explains the important work of American Indian leaders and their interactions with government. Is also explores essential topics such as leadership and fairness and includes an extension activity for grade 3. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to discover tribal Nations, American Indian culture, and the relationship between communities and government.
Solving Problems Together
Part of the iCivics series
Learn to solve problems together with this nonfiction book. Ideal for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a connected project, glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explores real-world problems and how individuals have come together to find solutions. It also covers key topics like creative problem-solving and brainstorming and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore important world issues, communication, and collaboration.
Meet and Greet
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to greet others politely! This nonfiction book covers a variety of greetings and farewell gestures that students can use in everyday life. Perfect for young readers, this book also includes a short fiction piece related to the topic, a bonus activity, and other useful features. This 20-page full-color book uses pictures and words to teach students how to greet others. It also covers important life skills such as meeting new people and includes an extension activity for kindergarten. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about polite communication, meeting new people, and friendly interactions.
The World in My Neighborhood
Part of the iCivics series
Discover the people, sights, sounds, and smells that fill a neighborhood with this nonfiction book! Ideal for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, discussion questions, a connected project, and other exciting features. This 24-page full-color book explores life in one neighborhood using the five senses. It also connects key ideas such as community and culture to students' daily lives, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about community culture, and people coming together.
My Country, 'Tis of Thee
Part of the iCivics series
Discover what freedom means! This nonfiction book explains the song "America" in an easy-to-follow way. Made for young readers, the book includes a fiction story about the song, discussion questions, an additional project, and more useful features. This 24-page full-color book analyzes "America" line by line to make sure students understand. It also covers important topics related to national pride, and includes an extension activity for Grade 1. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool to learn about symbols, freedom, and U.S. History.
See Something, Say Something
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how to react when you see something wrong or dangerous with this relevant nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a connected civics project, a glossary, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book explains in an easy-to-understand way that students should talk to a trusted adult about things that make them uncomfortable or scared. It also covers serious subjects such as bullying and "stranger danger” and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore kindness, leadership, and standing up for what is right.
Changing Our Community
Part of the iCivics series
Learn how streets are fixed, sidewalks get added, and new schools are built with this nonfiction book. Perfect for young readers, the book includes a fiction story related to the topic, a glossary, an additional project, useful text features, and engaging sidebars. This 28-page full-color book describes the many ways individuals can make changes in their communities. It also covers essential civics topics such as leadership and voting, and includes an extension activity for grade 2. Perfect for the classroom, at-home learning, or homeschool, to explore voting, local government, and being an informed citizen.