Canadian Literature Collection

Translocated Modernisms is a collection of ten chapters partitioned into sections and framed by an introduction by the editors and a coda by Kit Dobson, which is interested in those who thronged to the vibrant streets, cafés, and salons of Montparnasse, those who stayed such as Brion Gysin and Mavis Gallant, those who returned "home" such as Morley Callaghan, John Glassco, David Silverberg, and Sheila Watson, and those who galvanized local cultural practices by appropriating and translating them from elsewhere. While for some Paris becomes a permanent home, for others, it is simply a temporary excursion which can last for months, or for many years. The collection opens up the Lost Generation to include multiple generations and broadens its ambit to encompass modernist writers placed under erasure by dominant narratives of Anglo-American modernism. Instead of limiting the category to a single group based on a collective identity, this volume considers lost generations as a particular type of modernist identity attributable to multiple and disparate collectivities. These lost generations include those excluded from canonical narrativizations of expatriate modernisms, among which we spy the glimmer of other modernists living in the shadows of luminaries long recognized in the Anglo-American tradition.

Flora Lyndsay is Susanna Moodie's prequel to Roughing it in the Bush and Life in the Clearings. Though Moodie fictionalizes herself in the context of this novel, Flora Lyndsay remains a close personalized record of her family's experiences in planning their emigration and crossing the Atlantic. Despite the limited critical attention it receives, Flora Lyndsay reveals Moodie's style, her sense of form, and her distinctive approach to writing female autobiography. This edition, complete with a wide corpus of endnotes, an extensive list of emendations, and a critical introduction, helps address this oversight and gives a closer look at the iconic phenomenon that is Susanna Moodie.

Eminent Northrop Frye scholar Robert D. Denham explores the connection between Frye and twelve writers who influenced his thinking but about whom he didn't write anything expansive. Denham draws especially on Frye's notebooks and other previously unpublished texts, now available in the Collected Works of Frye. Such varied thinkers as Aristotle, Lewis Carroll, Søren Kierkegaard, and Paul Tillich emerge as important figures in defining Frye's cross-disciplinary interests. Eventually, the twelve "Others" of the title come to represent a space occupied by writers whose interests paralleled Frye's and helped to establish his own critical universe.

Robert D. Denham pursues his quest to uncover the links between Northrop Frye and writers and others who directly influenced his thinking but about whom he did not write an extensive commentary. The first chapter is about Frye's reading of Patanjali, the founder of the philosophy of Hindu yoga, while the second, discusses cultural mythographer Giambattista Vico, literary history and poetic language. The focus of Frye's criticism was the verbal arts, but he also had an abiding interest in both the visual arts and music; hence Frye's admiration of J.S. Bach. The essay on Tolkien examines the tendency in literary history to return from irony to myth, as well as the role that Tolkien played in Frye's fiction-writing fantasies. In subsequent chapters, Denham explores Frye's preference for romance and his critique of realism, which run parallel to the views of Oscar Wilde, and their strong shared convictions about the centripetal thrust of art, and about criticism being as creative as literature. Frye's appreciation for Whitehead's concept of interpenetration in Science in the Modern World became a key feature of Frye's speculations about the highest reaches of literature and religion. Frye is clearly indebted to Martin Buber, particularly his influential meditation I and Thou. Aristotle, an important influence upon Frye, was partially filtered through R.S. Crane and his The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of Poetry. Finally, the relationship between Frye and his Oxford tutor Edmund Blunden are explored, while the last is an essay on Frye and M.H. Abrams on how Frye's critical project might be viewed developed in Abrams's The Mirror and the Lamp. - Robert D. Denham poursuit son examen d'écrivains et autres influences qui ont marqué l'éminent critique Northrop Frye, mais sur lesquels celui-ci n'avait pas consacré de réflexions très développées. Le premier chapitre porte sur la lecture que fait Frye de Patanjali, le fondateur de la philosophie du yoga hindou, et le deuxième, sur le mythographe culturel Giambattista Vico, l'histoire littéraire et le langage poétique. Frye s'intéressait aux arts visuels et à la musique et Denham approfondit l'influence de J.S. Bach sur Frye. Le chapitre sur Tolkien porte sur la tendance en histoire littéraire de passer de l'ironie au mythe, mais aussi sur l'ascendant de Tolkien sur la fiction fantaisiste de Frye. Dans les chapitres suivants, Denham explore la préférence de Frye pour le romantique et sa critique du réalisme, qui trouvent écho chez Oscar Wilde, de même que leur conviction, partagée, de l'importance de l'art, et de la critique comme étant aussi créative que la littérature. L'admiration de Frye pour le concept d'interpénétration présenté dans le Science in the Modern World de Whitehead est devenue un élément clé des réflexions de Frye sur la portée de la littérature et de la religion. Denham explore aussi le lien entre Frye et Martin Buber, dont la méditation I and Thou l'a beaucoup inspiré, et celui entre Frye et R.S. Crane, qui parle beaucoup d'Aristote dans son ouvrage The Languages of Criticism and the Structure of Poetry. Le chapitre 9 explore la relation entre Frye et son tuteur d'Oxford, Edmund Blunden, alors que le dernier chapitre porte sur Frye et M.H. Abrams, et notamment sur le projet critique de Frye compris à la lumière du cadre sur la théorie critique développé par Abrams dans The Mirror and the Lamp. Ce livre est publié en anglais.

This book traces the remarkable journey of Hébert's shifting authorial identity as versions of her work traveled through complex and contested linguistic and national terrain from the late 1950s until today. At the center of this exploration of Hébert's work are the people who were inspired by her poetry to translate and more widely disseminate her poems to a wider audience. Exactly how did this one woman's work travel so much farther than the vast majority of Québécois authors? Though the haunting quality of her art partly explains her wide appeal, her work would have never traveled so far without the effort of scores of passionately committed translators, editors, and archivists. Though the work of such "middle men" is seldom recognized, much less scrutinized as a factor in shaping the meaning and reach of an artist, in Herbert's case, the process of translating Hébert's poetry has left in its wake a number of archival and other paratextual resources that chronicle the individual acts of translation and their reception. Though the impact of translation, editions, and archival work has been largely ignored in studies of Canadian literary history, the treasure trove of such paratextual records in Hébert's case allows us to better understand the reach of her work. More importantly, it provides insight into and raises critical questions about the textually mediated process of nation-building and literary canon formation.

Double-Voicing the Canadian Short Story is the first comparative study of eight internationally and nationally acclaimed writers of short fiction: Sandra Birdsell, Timothy Findley, Jack Hodgins, Thomas King, Alistair MacLeod, Olive Senior, Carol Shields and Guy Vanderhaeghe. With the 2013 Nobel Prize for Literature going to Alice Munro, the "master of the contemporary short story," this art form is receiving the recognition that has been its due and-as this book demonstrates-Canadian writers have long excelled in it. From theme to choice of narrative perspective, from emphasis on irony, satire and parody to uncovering the multiple layers that make up contemporary Canadian English, the short story provides a powerful vehicle for a distinctively Canadian "double-voicing". The stories discussed here are compelling reflections on our most intimate roles and relationships and Kruk offers a thoughtful juxtaposition of themes of gender, mothers and sons, family storytelling, otherness in Canada and the politics of identity to name but a few. As a multi-author study, Double-Voicing the Canadian Short Story is broad in scope and its readings are valuable to Canadian literature as a whole, making the book of interest to students of Canadian literature or the short story, and to readers of both.

Meet Me on the Barricades is Harrison's most experimental work. The novel includes a series of fantasy sequences that culminate in a scene heavily indebted to the Nighttown episode in James Joyce's Ulysses (the novel was published a year before James Thurber's better-known short story, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty"). The novel is also Harrison's only foray into satire-an especially unexpected turn given that the Spanish Civil War literary canon, and particularly works of literature written in the midst of the war, tend towards earnestness rather than irony. Harrison's novel is thus a unique book, significant for its self-consciousness as a modernist novel and as a political document. Out of print since its single publication run in 1938, this critical edition recovers Harrison's important commentary on the heated "culture wars" of the 1930s and the Spanish Civil War. With an original critical introduction and extensive textual and editorial notes, this edition draws on original archival research to situate the novel within the modernist and leftist North American canons. Meet Me on the Barricades is a densely allusive text that layers global politics, revolutionary theory, classical music, literary theory, world history, and anti-Stalinism, as well as emergent biological discourses about sex. It recounts a few days in the life of P. Herbert Simpson, a middle-aged, weak-hearted oboist with the New York Symphony Orchestra and leftist fellow traveler. Simpson is subject to wild hallucinations that are sometimes daydreams, sometimes drunken delirium, and on occasion intricate dreams while asleep. He imagines escaping his unrewarding marriage with a prudish, domineering wife through a passionate fantasy of a Russian girlfriend, and escaping his day job in the symphony to fight on the front lines of the Spanish Civil War.

Bertram Brooker won the country's first Governor General's Award for literature in 1936 for his novel Think of the Earth, and his explosive, experimental paintings hang in every major gallery in the country. He was Canada's first multidisciplinary avant-gardist, successfully experimenting in literature, visual arts, film, and theatre. Brooker brought all of his experimental ambitions to his short fiction and prose. The Wrong World presents a rich sampling of his prose work, much of it previously unpublished, which adds new insight into his aesthetic ambitions. Working during an incredible period of transition in Canadian society, Brooker's stories document Canada's evolution from a provincial colony into a modern, urban country. His essays participated in that evolution by advocating a passionate awakening of the arts, the end of prudish sentiment and censorship, and a radical rethinking of the nature of war. They capture the limitations and hypocrisies of the Canadian social contract and argue for a more just and spiritual society. His stories humanize his social vision by dramatizing the psychological and emotional cost of Canada's transition into a modern civilization. In turn devastating, penetrating and poignant, Brooker's prose works offer a sharply focused window into the turbulent interwar years in Canada.

Swinging the Maelstrom is the story of a musician enduring existence in the Bellevue psychiatric hospital in New York. Written during his happiest and most fruitful years, this novella reveals the deep healing influence that the idyllic retreat at Dollarton had on Lowry. This long-overdue scholarly edition will allow scholars to engage in a genetic study of the text and reconstruct, step by step, the creative process that developed from a rather pessimistic and misanthropic vision of the world as a madhouse (The Last Address, 1936), via the apocalyptic metaphors of a world on the brink of Armageddon (The Last Address, 1939), to a world that, in spite of all its troubles, leaves room for self-irony and humanistic concern (Swinging the Maelstrom,1942—1944). - This book is published in English.

A new critical edition of the acknowledged best Canadian novel of the 1930s. Irene Baird's Waste Heritage is a groundbreaking work of Canadian fiction based on the dramatic and violent labour disputes that took place in British Columbia in 1938. The story follows the progress of two friends, Matt Striker, a 23-year-old from Saskatchewan, and his simple-minded companion Eddy, as they travel from Vancouver to Victoria following the occupation of the Vancouver Post Office. Like the unemployed masses that took siege of the Post Office, Matt and Eddy yearn for relief after years of economic depression. Empathetic and tragic, Waste Heritage has been praised as Canada's Grapes of Wrath and the most important Canadian novel of the 1930s. A new critical apparatus surrounds Baird's original text, informing the reader of the historical and literary contexts of the work, as well as providing exhaustive textual analysis.

This book, based on extensive archival and historical work, identifies and brings to light additional and little recognized intellectual influences on Frye, and analyzes how they informed his thought. These are variously major thinkers, sets of texts, and intellectual traditions: the Mahayana Sutras, Machiavelli, Rabelais, Boehme, Hegel, Coleridge, Carlyle, Mill, Jane Ellen Harrison and Elizabeth Fraser. In each chapter, dedicated to Frye's connection to a specific influence, Denham describes how Frye became acquainted with each, and how he interpreted and adapted certain ideas from them to help work out his own conceptual systems. Denham offers insights on Frye's relationship with his historical and intellectual contexts, provides valuable additional context for understanding the work of one of the 20th century's leading scholars of literature and culture. Includes over 20 photos, tables and figures, as well as a chapter on Frye's personal relationship with Elizabeth Fraser.

Dry Water tells the story of Donald Strand, from the time of his arrival as a ten-year-old orphan at his relatives' Manitoba farm in 1890 to his apogee as a successful farmer. It recounts the crises he faces during a troubled marriage and the great stock market crash of 1929. His life parallels the growth and development of Manitoba during the same period. Stead considered Dry Water, written in 1934—1935, to be his crowning achievement. He was unable to find a publisher for it during his lifetime, although an abridged edition was published by Tecumseh Press in 1983. This new edition includes the complete typescript, a critical introduction, and explanatory notes that place this novel in its proper literary and historical context.

Carroll Aikins's play The God of Gods (1919) has been out of print since its first and only edition in 1927. This critical edition not only revives the work for readers and scholars alike, it also provides historical context for Aikins's often overlooked contributions to theatre in the 1920s and presents research on the different staging techniques in the play's productions. Much of the play's historical significance lies in Aikins's vital role in Canadian theatre, as director of the Home Theatre in British Columbia (1920—22) and artistic director of Toronto's Hart House Theatre (1927—29). Wright reveals The God of Gods as a modernist Canadian work with overt influences from European and American modernisms. Aikins's work has been compared to European modernists Gordon Craig, Adolphe Appia, and Jacques Copeau. Importantly, he was also intimately connected with modernist Canadian artists and the Group of Seven (who painted the scenery for Hart House Theatre). The God of Gods contributes to current studies of theatrical modernism by exposing the primitivist aesthetics and theosophical beliefs promoted by some of Canada's art circles at the turn of the twentieth century. Whereas Aikins is clearly progressive in his political critique of materialism and organized religion, he presents a conservative dramatization of the noble savage as hero. The critical introduction examines how The God of Gods engages with Nietzschean and theosophical philosophies in order to dramatize an Aboriginal lover-artist figure that critiques religious idols, materialism, and violence. Ultimately, The God of Gods offers a look into how English and Canadian theatre audiences responded to primitivism, theatrical modernism, and theosophical tenets during the 1920s.

Published in 1929, and almost instantly censored by the Toronto City Police, They Have Bodies has been completely overlooked by generations of scholars and writers interested in the Canadian avant-garde. It is not just the novel’s extreme formal innovation that is immediately startling about They Have Bodies. There is also its close attention to the depraved, licentious behaviour of Toronto’s elite, its revelation of moral hypocrisy, and its exposure of the means by which aristocratic and church power provides succor to egregious duplicity. Its social criticism and dark humor were too much for Canadian readers at the time. It is, however, exactly the kind of book contemporary Canadian readers, writers, and scholars hope lies buried in the archives waiting to be recovered. A gem of insight, innovation, and novelty: finally, here is a new edition of one of the rarest, wildest books of the twentieth century. This book is published in English Publié en 1929 et presque instantanément censuré parles services de police de la ville de Toronto, cet ouvrage, intitulé They Have Bodies, a été complétementnégligé par des générations d'écrivains et de chercheurs, par ailleurshabituellement sensibles aux créations de l'avant-garde canadienne.En fait, ce n'est pas seulement l'extrême innovationformelle de ce roman qui surprend et saisit de prime abord, mais aussil'attention particulière que l'auteur prête au comportement dépravé etlicencieux de l'élite torontoise. Dans cet ouvrage, Barney Allen révèlel'hypocrisie morale de cette élite aristocratique et religieuse ainsi que lesmoyens auxquels elle recourt pour masquer sa monstrueuse duplicité. Cetteviolente critique sociale, alliée à un humour noir des plus décapants, étaitsans doute trop corrosive pour les lecteurs canadiens de cette époque.Cependant, ce roman correspond exactement au typed'ouvrages, profondément enfouis dans les archives, que des lecteurs, desécrivains et des chercheurs canadiens contemporains espèrent ardemment exhumeret redécouvrir. En fait, ce texte avant-gardiste constitue un véritable joyaude perspicacité, d'innovation et de hardiesse. Cette nouvelle édition vouspermettra de découvrir un des romans les plus singuliers et les plus audacieuxdu XXe siècle.Ce livre est publié en anglais.

Man Should Rejoice is one of two hitherto unpublished novels by acclaimed novelist Hugh MacLennan. Completed in 1937 and left unpublished due to economic conditions during the Great Depression, it lay in the McGill archives until now. This critical edition of Man Should Rejoice , which is also the first-ever publication of the work, is comprised of a critical introduction, a bibliography of published and unpublished sources, a fully-edited text based on a typescript of the novel, a list of textual emendations, and explanatory notes. The introduction draws upon extensive research undertaken in three Canadian archival collections located in Montreal and Calgary. It provides relevant historical, cultural, and biographical context for the novel. From hundreds of archival documents, Colin Hill reconstructs a textual history of the novel's production that acknowledges the crucial contribution of Dorothy Duncan, who heavily revised the text and assisted MacLennan behind the scenes. Hill also explores the critical reception of MacLennan's fiction from the 1930s to the present. This book is published in English. - Man Should Rejoice est un des deux romans inédits du grand romancier Hugh MacLennan. Terminé en 1937, il fut victime de la Grande Crise et fut conservé dans les archives de McGill jusqu'à maintenant. Cette édition critique de Man Should Rejoice comprend une introduction critique, une bibliographie des sources publiées et non publiées, le texte révisé tiré d'un tapuscrit du roman, une liste des emendations textuelles, et des notes explicatives. L'introduction, qui repose sur des recherches archivistiques poussées de trois collections canadiennes situées à Montréal et à Calgary, fournit le contexte historique, culturel et biographique du roman. Colin Hill érige l'histoire textuelle de l'écriture de ce roman à partir de centaines de documents d'archives qui jettent la lumière sur la contribution clé de Dorothy Duncan, qui a révisé en profondeur le texte et a aidé MacLennan en coulisses. Il explore par ailleurs la réception critique de la fiction de MacLennan, des années 1930 jusqu'à aujourd'hui. Ce livre est publié en anglais.

This book establishes the existence of a road trip genre in the literatures of Canada. Geography describes the land, and history peoples it, just as memories connect you to place. This is why road trips are such a feature of Anglophone, Québécois and Indigenous writing in Canada, allowing the travelers to claim, at least symbolically, the terrain they have traversed. It is the intersection of history and geography that makes a journey so significant, nourishing a sense of place or revealing the lack of it. Examining the road trips undertaken therefore tells us much about the specific interests of the three general groups at the center of this study. Their desire, and, in some cases, necessity to travel, the traveling companions and destinations they choose, and the histories they create on the land they are covering are indicative of their particular sense of place and nationhood within the country. In order to demonstrate this phenomenon, the book examines works by a variety of Anglophone, Québécois and Indigenous writers, including Gilles Archambault, Jeannette Armstrong, Jill Frayne, Tomson Highway, Linda Hogan, Scott Gardiner, Claude Jasmin, Robert Kroetsch, Lee Maracle, Jacques Poulin, Aritha van Herk and Paul Villeneuve. A comparative approach to literatures in Canada is the logical continuation of postcolonial studies in that it reveals the intricacies and specificities of various communities, contributing to a more complete understanding of multiple national collectivities. It also offers an important counter narrative to transnational studies.

Sarah Roger (Editor) Sarah Roger est professeure associée d'études anglaises et théâtrales à l'Université de Guelph et gestionnaire de projet pour LINCS. Elle détient un doctorat de l'Université d'Oxford et est l'auteure de Borges and Kafka (OUP, 2017). Paul Barrett (Editor) Paul Barrett est professeur adjoint d'études anglaises et théâtrales à l'Université de Guelph. Il détient un doctorat de l'Université Queen's et est l'auteur de Blackening Canada (UTP, 2015). Kiera Obbard (Contributor) Kiera Obbard is a poet and PhD candidate in the School of English and Theatre Studies at the University of Guelph. Her SSHRC-funded project, "The Instagram Effect: Contemporary Canadian Poetry Online," examines the complex social, cultural, technological, and economic conditions that have enabled the success of social media poetry in Canada, how the technological affordances of social media platforms mediate reading and writing, and the relationship between social media poetry and data mining practices. She completed her MA in Cultural Studies and Critical Theory at McMaster University and her honours BA with a joint major in English and Communication at the University of Ottawa. She is currently a graduate research assistant for the Translating Digital Canadas project, a fellow at The Humanities Interdisciplinary Collaboration (THINC) Lab, and an editorial board member for the Centre for Media and Celebrity Studies. Sandra Djwa (Contributor) Sandra Djwa is a scholar of Canadian Literature and author of ten books, including The Politics of the Imagination: A Life of F.R. Scott (McClelland and Stewart, 1987), Professing English: A Life of Roy Daniells (University of Toronto Press, 2002), and Journey with No Maps: A Life of P.K. Page (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2012; winner of the 2013 Governor General Award for Non-fiction). She co-founded the Association of Canadian and Quebec Literatures in 1973. She has been a member of the Royal Society of Canada since 1994. Roopika Risam (Contributor) Roopika Risam is Associate Professor of Film and Media Studies and of Comparative Literature and Faculty of Digital Humanities and Social Engagement at Dartmouth College. She is the author of New Digital Worlds: Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis, and Pedagogy (Northwestern University Press, 2018). Among her edited collections, The Digital Black Atlantic, part of the Debates in the Digital Humanities series, was published by University of Minnesota Press in 2021. Risam is the co-editor of Reviews in Digital Humanities, a journal offering peer review of digital scholarship, and director of the Digital Ethnic Futures Consortium, a Mellon Foundation-funded initiative to support teaching and research at the intersections of ethnic studies and digital humanities. More information is available at http://roopikarisam.com. Andrea Zeffiro (Contributor) Andrea Zeffiro is Assistant Professor in critical technology studies in the Department of Communication Studies and Media Arts and Academic Director for the Lewis & Ruth Sherman Centre for Digital Scholarship at McMaster University. Her work has appeared in Cultural Analytics, the Canadian Journal of Communications, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Convergence, Studies in Social Justice, and many edited collections. Deanna Fong (Contributor) Deanna Fong is a SSHRC-funded researcher at Concordia University, where she directs the digital archive of Canadian poet Fred Wah (fredwah.ca). With a team of student researchers and Systems Librarian Tomasz Neugebauer, she is working on visualizing the site's social metadata, which represents the roles and activities that go into literary production. With Cole Mash, she is the co-editor of a forthcoming collection of essays, interviews, and art titled Resistant Practices in Communities of Sound (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2023). Her book of interviews, Concer

This collection focuses on Lowry's spatial dynamics, from the psychogeography of the Letterist and the Situationist International, through musical forms (especially jazz), cinema, photography, and spatialpoetic writing, to the spaces of exception, bio-politics, and the creaturely. It presents previously unpublished essays by both established and new international Lowry scholars, as well as innovative ways of conceiving of his aesthetic practice. In each of the book's three sections, critics engage in the notion of Lowry as a multi-media artist who influenced and was deeply influenced by a broad range of modernist and early postmodernist aesthetic practices. Acutely aware of and engaged in the world of film, sensitive to the role of the graphical surface in advertising and propaganda, and deeply immersed in a vast range of literary traditions and the avant-garde, Lowry worked within an intertextual space that is also a mediascape, one which tends to transgress, or at least exceed, neatly controlled borders or aesthetic boundaries. These new approaches to Lowry's life and work, which make use of new and recent theoretical perspectives, will encourage fresh debate around Lowry's writing.

The 1940 Under the Volcano-hidden for too long in the shadows of Lowry's 1947 masterpiece-differs from the latter in significant ways. It is a bridge between Lowry's 1930s fiction (especially In Ballast to the White Sea) and the 1947 Under the Volcano itself. Joining the recently published Swinging the Maelstrom and In Ballast to the White Sea, The 1940 Under the Volcano takes its rightful place as part of Lowry's exciting 1930s/early-40s trilogy. Scholars have only recently begun to pay systematic attention to convergences and divergences between this earlier work and the 1947 version. Miguel Mota and Paul Tiessen's insightful introduction, together with extensive annotations by Chris Ackerley and David Large, reveal the depth and breadth of Lowry's complex vision for his work. This critical edition fleshes out our sense of the enormous achievement by this twentieth-century modernist.

This volume comprises a reprinting and gloss of the original text of the 1933 Communist play Eight Men Speak. The play was banned by the Toronto police after its first performance, banned by the Winnipeg police shortly thereafter and subsequently banned by the Canadian Post Office. The play can be considered as one stage—the published text—of a meta-text that culminated in 1934 at Maple Leaf Gardens when the (then illegal) Communist Party of Canada celebrated the release of its leader, Tim Buck, from prison. Eight Men Speak had been written and staged on behalf of the campaign to free Buck by the Canadian Labour Defence League, the public advocacy group of the CPC. In its theatrical techniques, incorporating avant-garde expressionist staging, mass chant, agitprop and modernist dramaturgy, Eight Men Speak exemplified the vanguardist aesthetics of the Communist left in the years before the Popular Front. It is the first instance of the collective theatrical techniques that would become widespread in subsequent decades and formative in the development of modern Canadian drama. These include a decentred narrative, collaborative authorship and a refusal of dramaturgical linearity in favour of theatricalist demonstration. As such it is one of the most significant Canadian plays of the first half of the century, and, on the evidence of the surviving photograph of the mise-en-scene, one of the earliest examples of modernist staging in Canada.