Dover Books on Mathematics
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Challenging Mathematical Problems With Elementary Solutions, Volume I
by A. M. Yaglom
Part 1 of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Volume I of a two-part series, this book features a broad spectrum of 100 challenging problems related to probability theory and combinatorial analysis. The problems, most of which can be solved with elementary mathematics, range from relatively simple to extremely difficult. Suitable for students, teachers, and any lover of mathematics. Complete solutions.
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Operational Calculus in Two Variables and Its Applications
by V. A. Ditkin
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
A concise monograph by two Russian experts provides an account of the operational calculus in two variables based on the two-dimensional Laplace transform. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the treatment requires some familiarity with operational calculus in one variable. Part One of the two-part approach presents the fundamental theory in two chapters, examining the two-dimensional Laplace transform and offering basic definitions and theorems of the operational calculus in two variables and its applications. Part Two presents tables of formulae for various categories of functions, including rational and irrational functions; exponential and logarithmic functions; cylinder, integral, and confluent hypergeometric functions; and other areas.
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Elements of the Theory of Functions
by Konrad Knopp
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This well-known book provides a clear and concise review of general function theory via complex variables. Suitable for undergraduate math majors, the treatment explores only those topics that are simplest but are also most important for the development of the theory. Prerequisites include a knowledge of the foundations of real analysis and of the elements of analytic geometry. The text begins with an introduction to the system of complex numbers and their operations. Then the concept of sets of numbers, the limit concept, and closely related matters are extended to complex quantities. Final chapters examine the elementary functions, including rational and linear functions, exponential and trigonometric functions, and several others as well as their inverses, including the logarithm and the cyclometric functions. Numerous examples clarify the essential ideas, and proofs are expressed in a direct manner without sacrifice of completeness or rigor.
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Lectures on Ergodic Theory
by Paul R. Halmos
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This concise classic by Paul R. Halmos, a well-known master of mathematical exposition, has served as a basic introduction to aspects of ergodic theory since its first publication in 1956. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the treatment covers recurrence, mean and pointwise convergence, ergodic theorem, measure algebras, and automorphisms of compact groups. Additional topics include weak topology and approximation, uniform topology and approximation, invariant measures, unsolved problems, and other subjects.
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Summation of Infinitely Small Quantities
by I. P. Natanson
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Translated and adapted from a popular Russian educational series, this concise book requires only some background in high school algebra and elementary trigonometry. It explores the fundamental concept of the integral calculus: the limit of the sum of an infinitely increasing number of infinitely decreasing quantities. Mastery of this concept enables the solution of geometry and physics problems, and is an excellent introduction to the systematic study of higher mathematics.
Starting with some algebraic formulas, the treatment proceeds to the determination of the pressure of a liquid on a vertical wall and the calculation of the work done in pumping liquid from a container. Subsequent chapters explore finding the volumes of a cone, pyramid, sphere, and other geometric forms and the measurement of the parabola, ellipse, and sinusoid. The text concludes with a selection of practice problems.
For advanced high school students and college undergraduates.
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Special Functions for Scientists and Engineers
by W. W. Bell
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Clear and comprehensive, this text provides undergraduates with a straightforward guide to special functions. It is equally suitable as a reference volume for professionals, and readers need no higher level of mathematical knowledge beyond elementary calculus. Topics include the solution of second-order differential equations in terms of power series; gamma and beta functions; Legendre polynomials and functions; Bessel functions; Hermite, Laguerre, and Chebyshev polynomials; Gegenbauer and Jacobi polynomials; and hypergeometric and other special functions. Three appendices offer convenient tabulation of principal results, and a generous supply of worked examples and problems includes some hints and solutions. 25 figures.
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Adventures in Mathematical Reasoning
by Sherman Stein
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Equally appealing to beginners and to the mathematically adept, this book bridges the humanities and sciences to explore applications behind computers, cell phones, measurement of astronomical distance, cell growth, and other areas. Eight fascinating examples show how understanding certain topics in advanced mathematics requires nothing more than arithmetic and common sense. Each chapter begins with a question about strings consisting of nothing more than two letters, and every such question raises intriguing problems to be explored and solved. Author Sherman Stein proceeds at a measured pace that permits readers to move through the chapters in a leisurely fashion, omitting none of the steps. His approach makes complex subjects, from topology to set theory to probability, both accessible and exciting.
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Information Theory and Statistics
by Solomon Kullback
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Highly useful text studies the logarithmic measures of information and their application to testing statistical hypotheses. Topics include introduction and definition of measures of information, their relationship to Fisher's information measure and sufficiency, fundamental inequalities of information theory, much more. Numerous worked examples and problems. References. Glossary. Appendix.
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Abelian Varieties
by Serge Lang
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Based on the work in algebraic geometry by Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–29), this monograph was originally published in 1959 and reprinted later in author Serge Lang's career without revision. The treatment remains a basic advanced text in its field, suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics. Prerequisites include some background in elementary qualitative algebraic geometry and the elementary theory of algebraic groups.
The book focuses exclusively on Abelian varieties rather than the broader field of algebraic groups; therefore, the first chapter presents all the general results on algebraic groups relevant to this treatment. Each chapter begins with a brief introduction and concludes with a historical and bibliographical note. Topics include general theorems on Abelian varieties, the theorem of the square, divisor classes on an Abelian variety, functorial formulas, the Picard variety of an arbitrary variety, the I-adic representations, and algebraic systems of Abelian varieties. The text concludes with a helpful Appendix covering the composition of correspondences.
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Introduction to Topology
by Bert Mendelson
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Highly regarded for its exceptional clarity, imaginative and instructive exercises, and fine writing style, this concise book offers an ideal introduction to the fundamentals of topology. Originally conceived as a text for a one-semester course, it is directed to undergraduate students whose studies of calculus sequence have included definitions and proofs of theorems. The book's principal aim is to provide a simple, thorough survey of elementary topics in the study of collections of objects, or sets, that possess a mathematical structure. The author begins with an informal discussion of set theory in Chapter 1, reserving coverage of countability for Chapter 5, where it appears in the context of compactness. In the second chapter Professor Mendelson discusses metric spaces, paying particular attention to various distance functions which may be defined on Euclidean n-space and which lead to the ordinary topology. Chapter 3 takes up the concept of topological space, presenting it as a generalization of the concept of a metric space. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to a discussion of the two most important topological properties: connectedness and compactness. Throughout the text, Dr. Mendelson, a former Professor of Mathematics at Smith College, has included many challenging and stimulating exercises to help students develop a solid grasp of the material presented.
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Inversive Geometry
by Frank Morley
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This introduction to algebraic geometry makes particular reference to the operation of inversion and is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics. One of the major contributions to the relatively small literature on inversive geometry, the text illustrates the field's applications to comparatively elementary and practical questions and offers a solid foundation for more advanced courses. The two-part treatment begins with the applications of numbers to Euclid's planar geometry, covering inversions; quadratics; the inversive group of the plane; finite inversive groups; parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic geometries; the celestial sphere; flow; and differential geometry. The second part addresses the line and the circle; regular polygons; motions; the triangle; invariants under homologies; rational curves; conics; the cardioid and the deltoid; Cremona transformations; and the n-line.
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Invariant Subspaces
by Heydar Radjavi
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Broad survey focuses on operators on separable Hilbert spaces. Topics include normal operators, analytic functions of operators, shift operators, invariant subspace lattices, compact operators, invariant and hyperinvariant subspaces, more. 1973 edition.
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A Bridge to Advanced Mathematics
by Dennis Sentilles
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This helpful "bridge" book offers students the foundations they need to understand advanced mathematics. The two-part treatment provides basic tools and covers sets, relations, functions, mathematical proofs and reasoning, more. 1975 edition.
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The Nature of Statistics
by W. Allen Wallis
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Focusing on everyday applications as well as those of scientific research, this classic of modern statistical methods requires little to no mathematical background. Readers develop basic skills for evaluating and using statistical data. Lively, relevant examples include applications to business, government, social and physical sciences, genetics, medicine, and public health.
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Introduction to Proof in Abstract Mathematics
by Andrew Wohlgemuth
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
The primary purpose of this undergraduate text is to teach students to do mathematical proofs. It enables readers to recognize the elements that constitute an acceptable proof, and it develops their ability to do proofs of routine problems as well as those requiring creative insights. The self-contained treatment features many exercises, problems, and selected answers, including worked-out solutions. Starting with sets and rules of inference, this text covers functions, relations, operation, and the integers. Additional topics include proofs in analysis, cardinality, and groups. Six appendixes offer supplemental material. Teachers will welcome the return of this long-out-of-print volume, appropriate for both one- and two-semester courses.
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The Philosophy of Set Theory
An Historical Introduction to Cantor's Paradise
by Mary Tiles
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This volume offers a guided tour of modern mathematics' Garden of Eden, beginning with perspectives on the finite universe and classes and Aristotelian logic. Author Mary Tiles further examines permutations, combinations, and infinite cardinalities; numbering the continuum; Cantor's transfinite paradise; axiomatic set theory, and more. Includes 32 figures.
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Introduction to Partial Differential Equations with Applications
by E. C. Zachmanoglou
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This book has been widely acclaimed for its clear, cogent presentation of the theory of partial differential equations, and the incisive application of its principal topics to commonly encountered problems in the physical sciences and engineering. It was developed and tested at Purdue University over a period of five years in classes for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences. The book begins with a short review of calculus and ordinary differential equations, then moves on to explore integral curves and surfaces of vector fields, quasi-linear and linear equations of first order, series solutions and the Cauchy Kovalevsky theorem. It then delves into linear partial differential equations, examines the Laplace, wave and heat equations, and concludes with a brief treatment of hyperbolic systems of equations. Among the most important features of the text are the challenging problems at the end of each section which require a wide variety of responses from students, from providing details of the derivation of an item presented to solving specific problems associated with partial differential equations. Requiring only a modest mathematical background, the text will be indispensable to those who need to use partial differential equations in solving physical problems. It will provide as well the mathematical fundamentals for those who intend to pursue the study of more advanced topics, including modern theory.
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Math Through the Ages
A Gentle History for Teachers and Others
by William P. Berlinghoff
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Designed for students just beginning their study of the discipline, this concise introductory history of mathematics is supplemented by brief but in-depth sketches of the more important individual topics. Covering such subjects as algebra symbols, negative numbers, the metric system, quadratic equations, and much more, this widely adopted work invites and encourages further study of mathematics.
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One Hundred Problems in Elementary Mathematics
by Hugo Steinhaus
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Both a challenge to mathematically inclined readers and a useful supplementary text for high school and college courses, One Hundred Problems in Elementary Mathematics presents an instructive, stimulating collection of problems. Many problems address such matters as numbers, equations, inequalities, points, polygons, circles, ellipses, space, polyhedra, and spheres. An equal number deal with more amusing or more practical subjects, such as a picnic ham, blood groups, rooks on a chessboard, and the doings of the ingenious Dr. Abracadabrus. Are the problems in this book really elementary? Perhaps not in the lay reader's sense, for anyone who desires to solve these problems must know a fair amount of mathematics, up to calculus. Nevertheless, Professor Steinhaus has given complete, detailed solutions to every one of his 100 problems, and anyone who works through the solutions will painlessly learn an astonishing amount of mathematics. A final chapter provides a true test for the most proficient readers: 13 additional unsolved problems, including some for which the author himself does not know the solutions.
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Basic Abstract Algebra
For Graduate Students and Advanced Undergraduates
by Robert B. Ash
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Geared toward upper-level undergraduates and graduate students, this text surveys fundamental algebraic structures and maps between these structures. Its techniques are used in many areas of mathematics, with applications to physics, engineering, and computer science as well. Author Robert B. Ash, a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois, focuses on intuitive thinking. He also conveys the intrinsic beauty of abstract algebra while keeping the proofs as brief and clear as possible. The early chapters provide students with background by investigating the basic properties of groups, rings, fields, and modules. Later chapters examine the relations between groups and sets, the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, and the results and methods of abstract algebra in terms of algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry, noncommutative algebra, and homological algebra, including categories and functors. An extensive supplement to the text delves much further into homological algebra than most introductory texts, offering applications-oriented results. Solutions to all problems appear in the text.
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Introduction to Modern Algebra and Matrix Theory
by O. Schreier
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This unique text provides students with a basic course in both calculus and analytic geometry. It promotes an intuitive approach to calculus and emphasizes algebraic concepts. Minimal prerequisites. Numerous exercises. 1951 edition.
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Calculus of Variations
Mechanics, Control And Other Applications
by Charles R. MacCluer
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
First truly up-to-date treatment offers a simple introduction to optimal control, linear-quadratic control design, and more. Broad perspective features numerous exercises, hints, outlines, and appendixes, including a practical discussion of MATLAB. 2005 edition.
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A Concept of Limits
by Donald W. Hight
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
An exploration of conceptual foundations and the practical applications of limits in mathematics, this text offers a concise introduction to the theoretical study of calculus. Many exercises with solutions. 1966 edition.
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Vector Geometry
by Gilbert de B. Robinson
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise undergraduate-level text by a prominent mathematician explores the relationship between algebra and geometry. An elementary course in plane geometry is the sole requirement. Includes answers to exercises. 1962 edition.
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Harmonic Analysis and the Theory of Probability
by Salomon Bochner
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Written by a distinguished mathematician and educator, this classic text emphasizes stochastic processes and the interchange of stimuli between probability and analysis. It also introduces the author's innovative concept of the characteristic functional. 1955 edition.
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Distributions
An Outline
by Jean-Paul Marchand
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Rigorous and concise, this text examines the basis of the distribution theories devised by Schwartz and by Mikusinki and surveys both functional and algebraic theories of distribution. 1962 edition.
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Differential Calculus and Its Applications
by Michael J. Field
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Based on undergraduate courses in advanced calculus, the treatment covers a wide range of topics, from soft functional analysis and finite-dimensional linear algebra to differential equations on submanifolds of Euclidean space. 1976 edition.
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Lectures on Integral Equations
by Harold Widom
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This concise and classic volume presents the main results of integral equation theory as consequences of the theory of operators on Banach and Hilbert spaces. In addition, it offers a brief account of Fredholm's original approach. The self-contained treatment requires only some familiarity with elementary real variable theory, including the elements of Lebesgue integration, and is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics. Other material discusses applications to second order linear differential equations, and a final chapter uses Fourier integral techniques to investigate certain singular integral equations of interest for physical applications as well as for their own sake. A helpful index concludes the text.
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Lectures on Measure and Integration
by Harold Widom
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
These well-known and concise lecture notes present the fundamentals of the Lebesgue theory of integration and an introduction to some of the theory's applications. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics, the treatment also covers topics of interest to practicing analysts. Author Harold Widom emphasizes the construction and properties of measures in general and Lebesgue measure in particular as well as the definition of the integral and its main properties. The notes contain chapters on the Lebesgue spaces and their duals, differentiation of measures in Euclidean space, and the application of integration theory to Fourier series.
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A Treatise on the Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces
by Luther Pfahler Eisenhart
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Created especially for graduate students, this introductory treatise on differential geometry has been a highly successful textbook for many years. Its unusually detailed and concrete approach includes a thorough explanation of the geometry of curves and surfaces, concentrating on problems that will be most helpful to students. 1909 edition.
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Invertibility and Singularity for Bounded Linear Operators
by Robin Harte
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This introduction to functional analysis focuses on the types of singularity that prevent an operator from being invertible. The presentation is based on the open mapping theorem, Hahn-Banach theorem, dual space construction, enlargement of normed space, and Liouville's theorem. Suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in functional analysis, this volume is also a valuable resource for researchers in Fredholm theory, Banach algebras, and multiparameter spectral theory. The treatment develops the theory of open and almost open operators between incomplete spaces. It builds the enlargement of a normed space and of a bounded operator and sets up an elementary algebraic framework for Fredholm theory. The approach extends from the definition of a normed space to the fringe of modern multiparameter spectral theory and concludes with a discussion of the varieties of joint spectrum. This edition contains a brief new Prologue by author Robin Harte as well as his lengthy new Epilogue, "Residual Quotients and the Taylor Spectrum. "Dover republication of the edition published by Marcel Dekker, Inc. , New York, 1988.
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Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications
by Jerome A. Goldstein
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This advanced monograph of semigroup theory explores semigroups of linear operators and linear Cauchy problems. Suitable for graduate students in mathematics as well as professionals in science and engineering, the treatment begins with an introductory survey of the theory and applications of semigroups of operators. Two main sections follow, one dedicated to semigroups of linear operators, and the other to linear Cauchy problems. Author Jerome A. Goldstein emphasizes motivation and heuristics as well as applications. Each of the two sections concludes with further applications and historical notes. Challenging exercises appear throughout the text, which includes a substantial bibliography. This edition has been updated with supplementary transcripts of five lectures given by the author during a 1989 workshop at Blaubeuren, Germany.
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A Modern View of Geometry
by Leonard M. Blumenthal
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Elegant and original, this exposition explores the foundations and development of both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry, particularly the postulational geometry of planes. Emphasis is placed upon the coordination of affine and projective planes as well as the basic unity of algebra and geometry. Geared toward undergraduate and graduate students, the treatment begins with a brief but engaging sketch of the historical background of Euclidean geometry and an elementary summary of set theory and propositional calculus. Subsequent chapters explore coordinates in an affine plane, including those with Desargues and Pappus properties, and coordinatizing projective planes. The final two chapters contain detailed developments of simple sets of postulates for the Euclidean and non-Euclidean planes.
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Lectures on Modular Forms
by Joseph J. Lehner
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This concise volume presents an expository account of the theory of modular forms and its application to number theory and analysis. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the treatment starts with classical material and leads gradually to modern developments. Prerequisites include a grasp of the elements of complex variable theory, group theory, and number theory. The opening chapters define modular forms, develop their most important properties, and introduce the Hecke modular forms. Subsequent chapters explore the automorphisms of a compact Riemann surface, develop congruences and other arithmetic properties for the Fourier coefficients of Klein's absolute modular invariant, and discuss analogies with the Hecke theory as well as with the Ramanujan congruences for the partition function. Substantial notes at the end of each chapter provide detailed explanations of the text's more difficult points.
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The Penrose Transform
Its Interaction With Representation Theory
by Robert J. Baston
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
In recent decades twistor theory has become an important focus for students of mathematical physics. Central to twistor theory is the geometrical transform known as the Penrose transform, named for its groundbreaking developer. Geared toward students of physics and mathematics, this advanced text explores the Penrose transform and presupposes no background in twistor theory and a minimal familiarity with representation theory. An introductory chapter sketches the development of the Penrose transform, followed by reviews of Lie algebras and flag manifolds, representation theory and homogeneous vector bundles, and the Weyl group and the Bott-Borel-Weil theorem. Succeeding chapters explore the Penrose transform in terms of the Bernstein-Gelfand-Gelfand resolution, followed by worked examples, constructions of unitary representations, and module structures on cohomology. The treatment concludes with a review of constructions and suggests further avenues for research.
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Lapses in Mathematical Reasoning
by V. M. Bradis
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Designed as a methodDesigned as a method for teaching correct mathematical thinking to high school students, this book contains a brilliantly constructed series of what the authors call "lapses," erroneous statements that are part of a larger mathematical argument. These lapses lead to sophism or mathematical absurdities. The ingenious idea behind this technique is to lead the student deliberately toward a clearly false conclusion. The teacher and student then go back and analyze the lapse as a way to correct the problem. The authors begin by focusing on exercises in refuting erroneous mathematical arguments and their classification. The remaining chapters discuss examples of false arguments in arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and approximate computations. Ideally, students will come to the correct insights and conclusions on their own; however, each argument is followed by a detailed analysis of the false reasoning. Stimulating and unique, this book is an intriguing and enjoyable way to teach students critical mathematical reasoning skills.
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Invitation to Geometry
by Z. A. Melzak
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Intended for students of many different backgrounds with only a modest knowledge of mathematics, this text features self-contained chapters that can be adapted to several types of geometry courses. Only a slight acquaintance with mathematics beyond the high-school level is necessary, including some familiarity with calculus and linear algebra. This text's introductions to several branches of geometry feature topics and treatments based on memorability and relevance. The author emphasizes connections with calculus and simple mechanics, focusing on developing students' grasp of spatial relationships. Subjects include classical Euclidean material, polygonal and circle isoperimetry, conics and Pascal's theorem, geometrical optimization, geometry and trigonometry on a sphere, graphs, convexity, and elements of differential geometry of curves. Additional material may be conveniently introduced in several places, and each chapter concludes with exercises of varying degrees of difficulty.
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Representation Theory of Finite Groups
by Martin Burrow
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise, graduate-level exposition of the theory of finite groups, including the theory of modular representations. Topics include representation theory of rings with identity, representation theory of finite groups, applications of the theory of characters, construction of irreducible representations and modular representations. Rudiments of linear algebra and knowledge of group theory helpful prerequisites. Exercises. Bibliography. Appendix.
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Algebraic Theory of Numbers
Translated from the French by Allan J. Silberger
by Pierre Samuel
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Algebraic number theory introduces students not only to new algebraic notions but also to related concepts: groups, rings, fields, ideals, quotient rings and quotient fields, homomorphisms and isomorphisms, modules, and vector spaces. Author Pierre Samuel notes that students benefit from their studies of algebraic number theory by encountering many concepts fundamental to other branches of mathematics-algebraic geometry, in particular. This book assumes a knowledge of basic algebra but supplements its teachings with brief, clear explanations of integrality, algebraic extensions of fields, Galois theory, Noetherian rings and modules, and rings of fractions. It covers the basics, starting with the divisibility theory in principal ideal domains and ending with the unit theorem, finiteness of the class number, and the more elementary theorems of Hilbert ramification theory. Numerous examples, applications, and exercises appear throughout the text.
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The Schwarz Lemma
by Sean Dineen
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
The Schwarz lemma is among the simplest results in complex analysis that capture the rigidity of holomorphic functions. This self-contained volume provides a thorough overview of the subject; it assumes no knowledge of intrinsic metrics and aims for the main results, introducing notation, secondary concepts, and techniques as necessary. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics, the two-part treatment covers basic theory and applications. Starting with an exploration of the subject in terms of holomorphic and subharmonic functions, the treatment proves a Schwarz lemma for plurisubharmonic functions and discusses the basic properties of the Poincaré distance and the Schwarz-Pick systems of pseudodistances. Additional topics include hyperbolic manifolds, special domains, pseudometrics defined using the (complex) Green function, holomorphic curvature, and the algebraic metric of Harris. The second part explores fixed point theorems and the analytic Radon-Nikodym property.
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Introductory Numerical Analysis
by Anthony J. Pettofrezzo
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Geared toward undergraduate mathematics majors, engineering students, and future high school mathematics teachers, this text offers an understanding of the principles involved in numerical analysis. Its main theme is interpolation from the standpoint of finite differences, least squares theory, and harmonic analysis. Additional considerations include the numerical solutions of ordinary differential equations and approximations through Fourier series. Discussions of the relationships between the calculus of finite differences and the calculus of infinitesimals will prove especially important to future teachers of mathematics. More than seventy worked-out illustrative examples are featured; some include solutions by different methods, showing the relative merits of a variety of approaches. Over 280 multipart exercises range from drill problems to those requiring some degree of ingenuity on the part of the student. Answers are provided to problems with numerical solutions. The only prerequisites are a grasp of differential and integral calculus and some familiarity with determinants. An appendix containing definitions and several theorems from elementary determinant theory is included.
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N-Person Game Theory
Concepts and Applications
by Anatol Rapoport
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
N-person game theory provides a logical framework for analyzing contests in which there are more than two players or sets of conflicting interests-anything from a hand of poker to the tangled web of international relations. In this sequel to his Two-Person Game Theory, Dr. Rapoport provides a fascinating and lucid introduction to the theory, geared towards readers with little mathematical background but with an appetite for rigorous analysis. Following an introduction to the necessary mathematical notation (mainly set theory), in Part I the author presents basic concepts and models, including levels of game-theoretic analysis, individual and group rationality, the Von Neumann-Morgenstern solution, the Shapley value, the bargaining set, the kernel, restrictions on realignments, games in partition function form, and Harsanyi's bargaining model. In Part II he delves into the theory's social applications, including small markets, large markets, simple games and legislatures, symmetric and quota games, coalitions and power, and more. This affordable new edition will be welcomed by economists, political scientists, historians, and anyone interested in multilateral negotiations or conflicts, as well as by general readers with an interest in mathematics, logic, or games.
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Non-Euclidean Geometry
by Roberto Bonola
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This is an excellent historical and mathematical view by a renowned Italian geometer of the geometries that have risen from a rejection of Euclid's parallel postulate. Students, teachers and mathematicians will find here a ready reference source and guide to a field that has now become overwhelmingly important. Non-Euclidean Geometry first examines the various attempts to prove Euclid's parallel postulate-by the Greeks, Arabs, and mathematicians of the Renaissance. Then, ranging through the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, it considers the forerunners and founders of non-Euclidean geometry, such as Saccheri, Lambert, Legendre, W. Bolyai, Gauss, Schweikart, Taurinus, J. Bolyai and Lobachevski. In a discussion of later developments, the author treats the work of Riemann, Helmholtz and Lie; the impossibility of proving Euclid's postulate, and similar topics. The complete text of two of the founding monographs is appended to Bonola's study: "The Science of Absolute Space" by John Bolyai and "Geometrical Researches on the Theory of Parallels" by Nicholas Lobachevski.
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Individual Choice Behavior
A Theoretical Analysis
by R. Duncan Luce
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This influential treatise presents upper-level undergraduates and graduate students with a mathematical analysis of choice behavior. It begins with the statement of a general axiom upon which the rest of the book rests; the following three chapters, which may be read independently of each other, are devoted to applications of the theory to substantive problems: psychophysics, utility, and learning. Applications to psychophysics include considerations of time- and space-order effects, the Fechnerian assumption, the power law and its relation to discrimination data, interaction of continua, discriminal processes, signal detectability theory, and ranking of stimuli. The next major theme, utility theory, features unusual results that suggest an experiment to test the theory. The final chapters explore learning-related topics, analyzing the stochastic theories of learning as the basic approach-with the exception that distributions of response strengths are assumed to be transformed rather than response probabilities. The author arrives at three classes of learning operators, both linear and nonlinear, and the text concludes with a useful series of appendixes.
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Non-Euclidean Geometry
by Stefan Kulczycki
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This accessible approach features two varieties of proofs: stereometric and planimetric, as well as elementary proofs that employ only the simplest properties of the plane. A short history of geometry precedes a systematic exposition of the principles of non-Euclidean geometry. Starting with fundamental assumptions, the author examines the theorems of Hjelmslev, mapping a plane into a circle, the angle of parallelism and area of a polygon, regular polygons, straight lines and planes in space, and the horosphere. Further development of the theory covers hyperbolic functions, the geometry of sufficiently small domains, spherical and analytical geometry, the Klein model, and other topics. Appendixes include a table of values of hyperbolic functions.
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Iterative Solution of Large Linear Systems
by David M. Young
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This self-contained treatment offers a systematic development of the theory of iterative methods. Its focal point resides in an analysis of the convergence properties of the successive overrelaxation (SOR) method, as applied to a linear system with a consistently ordered matrix. The text explores the convergence properties of the SOR method and related techniques in terms of the spectral radii of the associated matrices as well as in terms of certain matrix norms. Contents include a review of matrix theory and general properties of iterative methods; SOR method and stationary modified SOR method for consistently ordered matrices; nonstationary methods; generalizations of SOR theory and variants of method; second-degree methods, alternating direction-implicit methods, and a comparison of methods. 1971 edition.
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The Science of Measurement
A Historical Survey
by Herbert Arthur Klein
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Witty, imaginative coverage of metrology-concepts of weight, length, volume, temperature, time, nuclear radiation, thermal power, light, pressure, much more. Nontechnical.
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The Advanced Geometry of Plane Curves and Their Applications
by C. Zwikker
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This study of many important curves, their geometrical properties, and their applications features material not customarily treated in texts on synthetic or analytic Euclidean geometry. Its wide coverage, which includes both algebraic and transcendental curves, extends to unusual properties of familiar curves along with the nature of lesser known curves.Informative discussions of the line, circle, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola presuppose only the most elementary facts. The less common curves - cissoid, strophoid, spirals, the leminscate, cycloid, epicycloid, cardioid, and many others - receive introductions that explain both their basic and advanced properties. Derived curves-the involute, evolute, pedal curve, envelope, and orthogonal trajectories-are also examined, with definitions of their important applications. These range through the fields of optics, electric circuit design, hydraulics, hydrodynamics, classical mechanics, electromagnetism, crystallography, gear design, road engineering, orbits of subatomic particles, and similar areas in physics and engineering. The author represents the points of the curves by complex numbers, rather than the real Cartesian coordinates, an approach that permits simple, direct, and elegant proofs.