Wiley in Display Technology

This book addresses electrical engineers, physicists, designers of flat panel displays (FDPs), students and also scientists from other disciplines interested in understanding the various 3D technologies. A timely guide is provided to the present status of development in 3D display technologies, ready to be commercialized as well as to future technologies. Having presented the physiology of 3D perception, the book progresses to a detailed discussion of the five 3D technologies: stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays; integral imaging; holography and volumetric displays, and: • Introduces spatial and temporal multiplex for the two views needed for stereoscopic and autostereoscopic displays • Outlines dominant components such as retarders for stereoscopic displays, and fixed as well as adjustable lenticular lenses and parallax barriers for auto-stereoscopic displays • Examines the high speed required for 240 Hz frames provided by parallel addressing and the recently proposed interleaved image processing • Explains integral imaging, a true 3D system, based on the known lenticulars which is explored up to the level of a 3D video projector using real and virtual images • Renders holographic 3D easier to understand by using phasors known from electrical engineering and optics leading up to digital computer generated holograms • Shows volumetric displays to be limited by the number of stacked FPDs; and, • Presents algorithms stemming from computer science to assess 3D image quality and to allow for bandwidth saving transmission of 3D TV signals.

A singular resource on amorphous oxide semiconductors edited by a world-recognized pioneer in the field. In “Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors: IGZO and Related Materials for Display and Memory”, the Editors deliver a comprehensive account of the current status of-and latest developments in-transparent oxide semiconductor technology. With contributions from leading international researchers and exponents in the field, this edited volume covers physical fundamentals, thin-film transistor applications, processing, circuits and device simulation, display and memory applications, and new materials relevant to amorphous oxide semiconductors. The book makes extensive use of structural diagrams of materials, energy level and energy band diagrams, device structure illustrations, and graphs of device transfer characteristics, photographs and micrographs to help illustrate the concepts discussed within. It also includes: • A thorough introduction to amorphous oxide semiconductors, including discussions of commercial demand, common challenges faced during their manufacture, and materials design • Comprehensive explorations of the electronic structure of amorphous oxide semiconductors, structural randomness, doping limits, and defects • Practical discussions of amorphous oxide semiconductor processing, including oxide materials and interfaces for application and solution-process metal oxide semiconductors for flexible electronics • In-depth examinations of thin film transistors (TFTs), including the trade-off relationship between mobility and reliability in oxide TFTs Perfect for practicing scientists, engineers, and device technologists working with transparent semiconductor systems, “Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors: IGZO and Related Materials for Display and Memory” will also earn a place in the libraries of students studying oxides and other non-classical and innovative semiconductor devices.

This new edition specifically addresses the most recent and relevant developments in the design and manufacture of OLED displays • Provides knowledge of OLED fundamentals and related technologies for applications such as displays and solid state lighting along with processing and manufacturing technologies • Serves as a reference for people engaged in OLED research, manufacturing, applications and marketing • Includes coverage of white + color filter technology, which has become industry standard technology for large televisions.

An extensive introduction to the engineering and manufacture of current and next-generation flat panel displays. This book provides a broad overview of the manufacturing of flat panel displays, with a particular emphasis on the display systems at the forefront of the current mobile device revolution. It is structured to cover a broad spectrum of topics within the unifying theme of display systems manufacturing. An important theme of this book is treating displays as systems, which expands the scope beyond the technologies and manufacturing of traditional display panels (LCD and OLED) to also include key components for mobile device applications, such as flexible OLED, thin LCD backlights, as well as the manufacturing of display module assemblies. “Flat Panel Display Manufacturing” fills an important gap in the current book literature describing the state of the art in display manufacturing for today's displays, and looks to create a reference the development of next generation displays. The editorial team brings a broad and deep perspective on flat panel display manufacturing, with a global view spanning decades of experience at leading institutions in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the USA, and including direct pioneering contributions to the development of displays. The book includes a total of 24 chapters contributed by experts at leading manufacturing institutions from the global FPD industry in Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Germany, Israel, and USA. • Provides an overview of the evolution of display technologies and manufacturing • Treats display products as systems with manifold applications, expanding the scope beyond traditional display panel manufacturing to key components for mobile devices and TV applications • Provides a detailed overview of LCD manufacturing, including panel architectures, process flows, and module manufacturing • Provides a detailed overview of OLED manufacturing for both mobile and TV applications, including a chapter dedicated to the young field of flexible OLED manufacturing • Provides a detailed overview of the key unit processes and corresponding manufacturing equipment, including manufacturing test & repair of TFT array panels as well as display module inspection & repair • Introduces key topics in display manufacturing science and engineering, including productivity & quality, factory architectures, and green manufacturing “Flat Panel Display Manufacturing” will appeal to professionals and engineers in R&D departments for display-related technology development, as well as to graduates and Ph.D. students specializing in LCD/OLED/other flat panel displays.

A complete treatment of the entire lifecycle of flexible flat panel displays, from raw material selection to commercialization In the newly revised Second Edition of “Flexible Flat Panel Displays”, a distinguished team of researchers delivers a completely restructured and comprehensive treatment of the field of flexible flat panel displays. With material covering the end-to-end process that includes commercial and technical aspects of the technology, the editors have included contributions that introduce the business, marketing, entrepreneurship, and intellectual property content relevant to flexible flat panel displays. This edited volume contains a brand-new section on case studies using the Harvard Business School format that discusses current and emerging markets in flexible displays, such as an examination of the use of electronic ink and QD Vision in commercial devices. From raw material selection to device prototyping, manufacturing, and commercialization, each stage of the flexible display business is discussed in this insightful new edition. The book also includes: • Thorough introductions to engineered films for display technology and liquid crystal optical coatings for flexible displays • Comprehensive explorations of organic TFT foils, metallic nanowires, adhesives, and self-healing polymer substrates • Practical discussions of flexible glass, AMOLEDs, cholesteric displays, and electronic paper • In-depth examinations of the encapsulation of flexible displays, flexible batteries, flexible flat panel photodetectors, and flexible touch screens Perfect for professionals working in the field of display technology with backgrounds in science and engineering, Flexible Flat Panel Displays is also an indispensable resource for professionals with marketing, sales, and technology backgrounds, as well as senior undergraduates and graduate students in engineering and materials science.

An unprecedented look into the basic physics, chemistry, and technology behind the LCD. Most notably used for computer screens, televisions, and mobile phones, LCDs (liquid crystal displays) are a pervasive and increasingly indispensable part of our lives. Providing both an historical and a business-minded context, this extensive resource describes the unique scientific and engineering techniques used to create these beautiful, clever, and eminently useful devices. In this book, the history of the science and technology behind the LCD is described in a prelude to the development of the device, presenting a rational development theme and pinpointing innovations. The book begins with Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, and the ultimately profound realization that light is an electromagnetic wave and an electromagnetic wave is light. The power of mathematical physics thus was brought to bear upon the study of light, and particularly the polarization of light by material bodies, including liquid crystals. After a brief historical description of polarization, a physical interpretation provides substance to the mathematical concepts. Subsequent chapters cover: • Thermodynamics for liquid crystals • The Maier-Saupe mean field, phenomenological, static continuum, and dynamic continuum theories • The transistor and integrated circuit • Glass, panels, and modules • The calculus of variations • The active matrix • Semiconductor fabrication • The global LCD business Additionally, the book illustrates how mathematics, physics, and chemistry are put to practical use in the LCDs we use every day. By describing the science from an historical perspective and in practical terms in the context of a device very familiar to readers, the book presents an engaging and unique view of the technology for everyone from science students to engineers, product designers, and indeed anyone curious about LCDs.

THE PERFECT GUIDE TO FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS FOR RESEARCHERS AND INDUSTRY PERSONNEL ALIKE “Introduction to Flat Panel Displays”, 2nd Edition is the leading introductory reference to state-of-the-art flat panel display technologies. The 2nd edition has been newly updated to include the latest developments for high pixel resolution support, high brightness, improved contrast settings, and low power consumption. The 2nd edition has also been updated to include the latest developments of head-mounted displays for virtual and augmented reality applications. “Introduction to Flat Panel Displays” introduces and updates both the fundamental physics and materials concepts underlying flat panel display technology and their application to smart phones, ultra-high definitions TVs, computers, and virtual and augmented reality systems. The book includes new information on quantum-dot enhanced LCDs, device configurations and performance, and nitrate-based LEDs. The authors also provide updates on technologies like: • OLED materials, including phosphorescent, TTA, and TADF OLEDs • White light OLED and light extraction • OLED for mobile and TV • Light and flexible OLED • Reflective displays, including e-paper technology • Low power consumption displays The perfect reference for graduate students and new entrants to the display industry, “Introduction to Flat Panel Displays” offers problem and homework sets at the end of each chapter to measure retention and learning.

This book highlights the display applications of c-axis aligned crystalline indium—gallium—zinc oxide (CAAC-IGZO), a new class of oxide material that challenges the dominance of silicon in the field of thin film semiconductor devices. It is an enabler for displays with high resolution and low power consumption, as well as high-productivity manufacturing. The applications of CAAC-IGZO focus on liquid crystal displays (LCDs) with extremely low power consumption for mobile applications, and high-resolution and flexible organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays and present a large number of prototypes developed at the Semiconductor Energy Laboratory. In particular, the description of LCDs includes how CAAC-IGZO enables LCDs with extremely low refresh rate that provides ultra-low power consumption in a wide range of use cases. Moreover, this book also offers the latest data of IGZO. The IGZO has recently achieved a mobility of 65.5 cm2ƒ}V-s, and it is expected to potentially exceed 100 cm2}V-s as high as that of LTPS. Key features: • Introduces different oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor designs and their impact on the reliability and performance of LCDs and OLED displays, both in pixel and panel-integrated driving circuits. • Reviews fundamentals and presents device architectures for high-performance and flexible OLED displays, their circuit designs, and oxide semiconductors as an enabling technology. • Explains how oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors drastically can improve resolution and lower power consumption of LCDs.

COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE PRESENTING ALL ASPECTS OF QUANTUM DOT-BASED DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES IN FOUR PARTS, SUPPORTED WITH PEDAGOGICAL FEATURES Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology presents all aspects of quantum dot (QD) based display technologies, divided into four general topic areas: the basic science of quantum dots, QD photoluminescent technologies, QD electroluminescent technologies, and other display related QD technologies. Composed of 14 chapters, this book includes a list of pedagogical features such as tables, illustrations, process flow charts, and more to provide active learning for the reader. This book also includes information on future quantum dot displays and the major milestones in the field. Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology discusses topics including: • The basic physics and photophysics of QD, explaining why QD can offer better color and higher brightness • QD material systems and compositional families as well as principles and practices of QD synthesis • Quantum dot enhancement film and quantum dot color conversion for LCDs, OLEDs, and μLEDs • Quantum dot electroluminescent displays and QD-LED panel processes based on ink-jet printing and lithography • QD for lighting and photodetector applications • Future outlook for QD displays Published in partnership with the Society for Information Display (SID), Quantum Dot Display Science and Technology is the perfect resource for updated information on quantum dots and their applications for professionals working in displays, consumer electronics, and product design and development.

Electronic devices based on oxide semiconductors are the focus of much attention, with crystalline materials generating huge commercial success. Indium—gallium—zinc oxide (IGZO) transistors have a higher mobility than amorphous silicon transistors, and an extremely low off-state current. C-axis aligned crystalline (CAAC) IGZO enables aggressive down-scaling, high reliability, and process simplification of transistors in displays and LSI devices. This original book introduces the CAAC-IGZO structure and describes the physics and technology of this new class of oxide materials. It explains the crystallographic classification and characteristics of crystalline oxide. semiconductors, their crystallographic characteristics and physical properties, and how this unique material has made a major contribution to the field of oxide semiconductor thin films. Two further books in this series describe applications of CAAC-IGZO in flat-panel displays and LSI devices. Key features: • Introduces the unique and revolutionary, yet relatively unknown crystalline oxide semiconductor CAAC-IGZO • Presents crystallographic overviews of IGZO and related compounds. • Offers an in-depth understanding of CAAC-IGZO. • Explains the fabrication method of CAAC-IGZO thin films. • Presents the physical properties and latest data to support high-reliability crystalline IGZO based on hands-on experience. • Describes the manufacturing process the CAAC-IGZO transistors and introduces the device application using CAAC-IGZO.

This book describes the application of c-axis aligned crystalline In-Ga-Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) technology in large-scale integration (LSI) circuits. The applications include Non-volatile Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (NOSRAM), Dynamic Oxide Semiconductor Random Access Memory (DOSRAM), central processing unit (CPU), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), image sensors, etc. The book also covers the device physics (e.g., off-state characteristics) of the CAAC-IGZO field effect transistors (FETs) and process technology for a hybrid structure of CAAC-IGZO and Si FETs. It explains an extremely low off-state current technology utilized in the LSI circuits, demonstrating reduced power consumption in LSI prototypes fabricated by the hybrid process. A further two books in the series will describe the fundamentals; and the specific application of CAAC-IGZO to LCD and OLED displays. Key features: • Outlines the physics and characteristics of CAAC-IGZO FETs that contribute to favorable operations of LSI devices. • Explains the application of CAAC-IGZO to LSI devices, highlighting attributes including low off-state current, low power consumption, and excellent charge retention. • Describes the NOSRAM, DOSRAM, CPU, FPGA, image sensors, etc., referring to prototype chips fabricated by a hybrid process of CAAC-IGZO and Si FETs.

Focusing on polarization matrix optics in many forms, this book includes coverage of a wide range of methods which have been applied to LCD modeling, ranging from the simple Jones matrix method to elaborate and high accuracy algorithms suitable for off-axis optics. Researchers and scientists are constantly striving for improved performance, faster response times, wide viewing angles, improved colour in liquid crystal display development, and with this comes the need to model LCD devices effectively. The authors have significant experience in dealing with the problems related to the practical application of liquid crystals, in particular their optical performance. Key features: • Explores analytical solutions and approximations to important cases in the matrix treatment of different LC layer configurations, and the application of these results to improve the computational method • Provides the analysis of accuracies of the different approaches discussed in the book • Explains the development of the Eigenwave Jones matrix method which offers a path to improved accuracy compared to Jones matrix and extended Jones matrix formalisms, while achieving significant improvement in computational speed and versatility compared to full 4x4 matrix methods • Includes a companion website hosting the authors' program library LMOPTICS (FORTRAN 90), a collection of routines for calculating the optical characteristics of stratified media, the use of which allows for the easy implementation of the methods described in this book. The website also contains a set of sample programs (source codes) using LMOPTICS, which exemplify the application of these methods in different situations

FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS OF COLOUR ENGINEERING EXPERT OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD OF COLOUR ENGINEERING IN THE 21ST CENTURY, WITH NEW, UPDATED TECHNOLOGIES AND A MATLAB TOOLBOX Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering provides important coverage on topics that hold the power to extend our knowledge of colour reproduction, such as colour measurement and appearance and the methods used, with additional discussion of the technologies responsible for reproducing colour across a wide range of devices, together with the colour management systems that are used to connect devices and exchange information. Composed of 20 chapters, the Editor and his team of expert contributors consider the new ICC.2 architecture, an approach that introduces an evolutionary step in colour engineering, ensuring wider possibilities for technology. The text also considers the emerging applications for advanced colour management, such as processing spectral data, handling HDR images, and the capture and reproduction of material appearance. The text is supported by a MATLAB toolbox of relevant functions and data. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is a useful reference for anyone involved in the reproduction of colour and a strong supplementary course potential for master???s degrees with a colour science component. Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering includes information on: • Instruments and methods of colour measurement, colorimetry, and colour difference, and colour appearance • Colour spaces and colour encodings, and characterizing input devices, displays and printers • Colour gamut communication and imaging standards, high dynamic range imaging, and HDR • Sensor adjustment in colour management, open source tools for colour engineering, and colour transform evaluation Supporting active learning with the inclusion of a toolbox of relevant functions and data, Fundamentals and Applications of Colour Engineering is an essential resource for students in relevant programs of study, and for professionals within colour engineering and reproduction looking to maximize their skill set and keep their skills updated.

Unique reference source that can be used from the beginning to end of a design project to aid choosing an appropriate LCD addressing technique for a given application. This book will be aimed at design engineers who are likely to embed LCD drivers and controllers in many systems including systems on chip. Such designers face the challenge of making the right choice of an addressing technique that will serve them with best performance at minimal cost and complexity. Readers will be able to learn about various methods available for driving matrix LCDs and the comparisons at the end of each chapter will aid readers to make an informed design choice. The book will address the various driving techniques related to LCDs. Due to the non-linear response of the liquid crystal to external voltages, different driving methods such as passive and active matrix driving can be utilized. The associated theoretical basis of these driving techniques is introduced, and this theoretical analysis is supplemented by information on the implementation of drivers and controllers to link the theory to practice. • Written by an experienced research scientist with over 30 years in R&D in this field. • Acts as an exhaustive review and comparison of techniques developed for passive-matrix addressing of twisted nematic and super-twisted nematic (STN) LCDs. • Discusses the trend towards "High Definition" displays and that a hybrid approach to drive matrix LCDs (combination of active and passive matrix addressing) will be the future of LCD addressing. • Contains the author's recent work on Bit-Slice Addressing that is useful for fast responding LCDs, as well as a chapter on driving ferroelectric LCDs • Provides an objective comparison that will enable designers to make an informed choice of an addressing technique for a specific application. • Includes examples of the practical applications of addressing techniques. • Organised in a way that each chapter can be read independently; with the basic knowledge and historical background gained from the introductory chapters, adequate for understanding the techniques that are presented in the remaining chapters making it a self-contained reference.

An in-depth introduction to a promising technology, curated by one of its pioneering inventors. Electronic paper (e-paper) has one of the most promising futures in technology. E-paper's potential is unlimited, as the displays require extremely low power and imitate the aesthetic of ink on the page. This allows e-paper devices to have a wider range of viewing angles than traditional LED products and are capable of being viewed in direct sunlight-and without any additional power. As a result, e-paper displays create less eye strain, have a greater flexibility in their use, and have the potential to be used in place of paper for billboard advertising, educational applications, and transport signage, and more. In “E-Paper Displays”, editor Bo-Ru Yang and his team of experts present a detailed view into the important technologies involved in e-paper displays, with a particlular emphasis on how this technology's unique properties make possible a wide range of personal and professional electronic products. As climate change makes efficient energy use more important than ever, e-paper can become an essential tool for future products on a large scale. As we rely more and more on technology, having lightweight devices with long battery life will become critical. This book provides engineers and innovators with an introduction to this important technology and shows new pathways for development. “E-Paper Displays” readers will also find: • The editor is one of the leading pioneers in this technology • Contributions from an international team of experts in e-paper technology • Descriptions of many advanced display types that rely on different principles than the widely used LCD and OLED types • Another innovative title from Wiley-SID (Society for Information Displays) series As we enter a new stage in our industrial development, “E-Paper Displays” is an essential reference for computer engineers and developers, as well as innovators and scientists, and their students.

Liquid Crystal Devices are crucial and ubiquitous components of an ever-increasing number of technologies. They are used in everything from cellular phones, eBook readers, GPS devices, computer monitors and automotive displays to projectors and TVs, to name but a few. This second edition continues to serve as an introductory guide to the fundamental properties of liquid crystals and their technical application, while explicating the recent advancements within LCD technology. This edition includes important new chapters on blue-phase display technology, advancements in LCD research significantly contributed to by the authors themselves. This title is of particular interest to engineers and researchers involved in display technology and graduate students involved in display technology research. • Key features: Updated throughout to reflect the latest technical state-of-the-art in LCD research and development, including new chapters and material on topics such as the properties of blue-phase liquid crystal displays and 3D liquid crystal displays; • Explains the link between the fundamental scientific principles behind liquid crystal technology and their application to photonic devices and displays, providing a thorough understanding of the physics, optics, electro-optics and material aspects of Liquid Crystal Devices; • Revised material reflecting developments in LCD technology, including updates on optical modelling methods, transmissive LCDs and tunable liquid crystal photonic devices; • Chapters conclude with detailed homework problems to further cement an understanding of the topic.

This much needed, comprehensive and modern reference on display technology, illumination sources and color imaging focuses on visual effects and how reproduced images are best matched to human visual features. As such, it teaches readers how to exploit the knowledge of human color information processing to design usable, ergonomic, and pleasing displays or visual environments. The contents describe design principles and methods to optimize self-luminous visual technologies for the human user, including modern still and motion image displays, and indoor light sources. Design principles and methods are derived from the knowledge of the human visual system, with a special emphasis on color vision, color cognition, color harmony, color preference and visually evoked emotions. The expert authors include the most important and latest applications of the design principles and methods, forming a comprehensive view of human color information processing from the receptors through the retina via high-level visual perception right up to the level of cognition, preference, harmony, as well as visually evoked emotions. This book is included in the Wiley SID Series.

This book presents an up-to-date view of modern LCD technology. Offering balanced coverage of all major aspects of the field, this comprehensive volume provides the theoretical and practical information required for the development and manufacture of high-performance, energy-efficient LCDs. The third edition incorporates new technologies and applications throughout. Several brand-new chapters discuss topics such as the application of Oxide TFTs and high mobility circuits, high-mobility TFT-semiconductors in LCD addressing, liquid crystal displays in automotive instrument clusters and touch-screen systems, and the use of ultra-high-resolution LCD panels in augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) displays. This practical reference and guide: • Provides a complete account of commercially relevant LCD technologies, including their physics, mathematical descriptions, and electronic addressing • Features extensively revised and expanded information, including more than 150 pages of new material • Includes the addition of Oxide Transistors and their increased mobilities, the advances of fringe field switching and an overview of automotive displays • Presents quantitative results with full equation sets, their derivation, and tabular summaries of related information sets

How we interface and interact with computing, communications and entertainment devices is going through revolutionary changes, with natural user inputs based on touch, voice, and vision replacing or augmenting the use of traditional interfaces based on the keyboard, mouse, joysticks, etc. As a result, displays are morphing from one-way interface devices that merely show visual content to two-way interaction devices that provide more engaging and immersive experiences. This book provides an in-depth coverage of the technologies, applications, and trends in the rapidly emerging field of interactive displays enabled by natural human-interfaces. Key features: • Provides a definitive reference reading on all the touch technologies used in interactive displays, including their advantages, limitations, and future trends. • Covers the fundamentals and applications of speech input, processing and recognition techniques enabling voice-based interactions. • Offers a detailed review of the emerging vision-based sensing technologies, and user interactions using gestures of hands, body, face, and eye gazes. • Discusses multi-modal natural user interface schemes which intuitively combine touch, voice, and vision for life-like interactions. • Examines the requirements and technology status towards realizing "true" 3D immersive and interactive displays.