Timeline Trackers: Westward Expansion

In the early nineteenth century, the United States was growing quickly, and many people wanted to set up homes and farms in new areas. For centuries, American Indian nations-including the Cherokee-had been living on the land that white settlers wanted. The US government often stepped in to resolve conflicts between the groups with treaties. Many of these treaties called upon American Indians to give up some of their territory. The conflicts continued as more and more white settlers moved onto American Indian land. Finally, the US government passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This law ordered many American Indians to leave their homes. In 1838 military officials forced the Cherokee on a dangerous and heartbreaking journey from their homeland in the southeast region of the United States to territory 800 miles away in what is now the state of Oklahoma. Their journey became known as the Trail of Tears. Learn about the Cherokee Nation's forced removal from their ancestral homeland. Track the events and turning points that led to this dark and tragic time period in US history.

In 1848, a carpenter named James Marshall discovered that there was gold in the riverbeds of the Sacramento Valley. Gold fever quickly spread across the country and around the world. By the thousands, hopeful people left their homes, families, and jobs in search of their fortune. The California gold rush lasted for only seven years, but in that time it transformed California and affected the whole nation. People used their new riches to start businesses and build cities. People from many nations arrived to fill those cities. And in their quest for gold, the prospectors clashed with American Indians and set the stage for long-lasting tensions. Explore the history of the California gold rush. Track the important events and turning points that made this discovery a pivotal part of the westward expansion of the United States.

By the early and mid-nineteenth century, many US citizens were moving westward. Some of them settled in the territories of Texas and California, which belonged to Mexico at that time. In 1835 the tension between the two countries turned violent; US settlers started fighting for independence in the Texas Revolution. That conflict went on to ignite the Mexican-American War in 1846. The war lasted close to two years and claimed thousands of lives. In the end, Mexico lost a huge amount of land to its northern neighbor in exchange for money. The war left bitter resentments between the two governments, which now had to manage a shared border, unrest among their citizens, and their own civil wars. See how land conflicts erupted into violence between these two neighboring countries. Track the events and turning points that led to the Mexican-American War, and learn how the aftermath shaped the western expansion of the United States.

In the early nineteenth century, much of the land west of the Mississippi River was not yet part of the United States. Many people dreamed of settling this huge area, but the journey to get there was long and dangerous. By the mid-1860s, a bold plan had taken shape: the country had decided to build a single railroad stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. Spanning North America, it would be the first railway to cross a continent: the first transcontinental railroad. Follow along with the difficult and dangerous work of building the transcontinental railroad. Track the events and turning points of this major construction project that contributed to the westward expansion of the United States, yet created hardships and conflicts along the way.