Princeton Studies in Global and Comparative Sociology

"Winner of the Best Book Award, Political Networks Section of the American Political Science Association" Andy Baker is professor of political science and director of the Program on International Development at the University of Colorado Boulder. Barry Ames is the Andrew Mellon Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Pittsburgh. Lúcio Rennó is professor of political science at the University of Brasília. How voting behavior in Latin America is influenced by social networks and everyday communication among peers In Latin America's new democracies, political parties and mass partisanship are not deeply entrenched, leaving many votes up for grabs during election campaigns. In a typical presidential election season, between one-quarter and one-half of all voters-figures unheard of in older democracies-change their voting intentions across party lines in the months before election day. Advancing a new theory of Latin American voting behavior, Persuasive Peers argues that political discussions within informal social networks among family members, friends, neighbors, coworkers, and acquaintances explain this volatility and exert a major influence on final voting choices. Relying on unique survey and interview data from Latin America, the authors show that weakly committed voters defer to their politically knowledgeable peers, creating vast amounts of preference change as political campaigns unfold. Peer influences also matter for unwavering voters, who tend to have social contacts that reinforce their voting intentions. Social influence increases political conformity among voters within neighborhoods, states, and even entire regions, and the authors illustrate how party machines use the social topography of electorates to buy off well-connected voters who can magnify the impact of the payoff. Persuasive Peers demonstrates how everyday communication shapes political outcomes in Latin America's less-institutionalized democracies. "Persuasive Peers sets a new benchmark for the study of electoral politics in general and Latin American politics in particular. Convincingly arguing that the Latin American electorates cannot be considered as collections of socially discrete and independent individuals, this demanding and rewarding book greatly broadens the field of inquiry."-Robert Huckfeldt, University of California, Davis "Persuasive Peers is the first book I have seen that thoroughly examines the effect of peer networks on voting. This is a wonderful and innovative work."-Ernesto F. Calvo, University of Maryland

Larissa Buchholz is an award-winning sociologist whose work centers on the dynamics of artistic production and art markets within a global context. She is also interested in broader questions of global theorizing, particularly regarding advancements in transnational/global field theory. In addition to a PhD in sociology from Columbia University, Buchholz's education encompasses art history, philosophy, media studies, and anthropology. She is assistant professor at Northwestern University and faculty fellow at the Critical Realism Network at Yale University. She was a junior fellow at the Harvard Society of Fellows, the first woman elected from her discipline. Her work has garnered several awards, including Columbia University's Robert K. Merton Award, the ISA Junior Theorist Prize, and the ASA Junior Theorist Award, among others. A trailblazing look at the historical emergence of a global field in contemporary art and the diverse ways artists become valued worldwide Prior to the 1980s, the postwar canon of "international" contemporary art was made up almost exclusively of artists from North America and Western Europe, while cultural agents from other parts of the world often found themselves on the margins. The Global Rules of Art examines how this discriminatory situation has changed in recent decades. Drawing from abundant sources-including objective indicators from more than one hundred countries, multiple institutional histories and discourses, extensive fieldwork, and interviews with artists, critics, curators, gallerists, and auction house agents-Larissa Buchholz examines the emergence of a world-spanning art field whose logics have increasingly become defined in global terms. Deftly blending comprehensive historical analyses with illuminating case studies, The Global Rules of Art breaks new ground in its exploration of valuation and how cultural hierarchies take shape in a global context. The book's innovative global field approach will appeal to scholars in the sociology of art, cultural and economic sociology, interdisciplinary global studies, and anyone interested in the dynamics of global art and culture. "Larissa Buchholz has written a magnificent account of the Global art market over the last half century. The book combines extensive, and highly nuanced, discussion of a wide range of relevant cultural theories, with an enormous amount of wonderfully researched data and studies of the Global art market and the relevant personnel including artists, curators, gallerists, art critics, art purchasers, and museum personnel. As a result, the book is an empirical and theoretical treasure."---David Halle, Social Forces "An amazingly rich study, with a high level of density, complexity, and nuance, a reference book for now and future generations."---Kitty Zijlmans, 21: Inquiries into Art, History, and the Visual "At once lucid, rigorous, sweeping, and innovative, The Global Rules of Art is a true tour de force, a must-read for cultural sociologists, art historians, social theorists, and scholars of globalization. A stunning achievement that sets a new standard for sociological analysis."-Philip Gorski, Yale University "A remarkable examination of the globalization of the art world over the past forty years and the new questions and forces with which it is confronted today. Adapting what Pierre Bourdieu called the 'rules of art' to the new geographies and internal tensions in this expanded field, this magisterial analysis exemplifies the vital role that a systemic sociology of culture can play for us today."-John A. Rajchman, Columbia University "Impressive and important. The Global Rules of Art is exquisitely written and theoretically and empirically exceptional."-Clayton Childress, author of Under the Cover: The Creation, Production, and Reception of a Novel "With polished, sophisticated prose and a dazzling command of her subject, Buchholz provides a novel explanation of how th

Why some cities are more effective than others at reducing inequalities in the built environment For the first time in history, most people live in cities. One in seven are living in slums, the most excluded parts of cities, in which the basics of urban life-including adequate housing, accessible sanitation, and reliable transportation-are largely unavailable. Why are some cities more successful than others in reducing inequalities in the built environment? In Urban Power, Benjamin Bradlow explores this question, examining the effectiveness of urban governance in two "megacities" in young democracies: São Paulo, Brazil, and Johannesburg, South Africa. Both cities came out of periods of authoritarian rule with similarly high inequalities and similar policy priorities to lower them. And yet São Paulo has been far more successful than Johannesburg in improving access to basic urban goods. Bradlow examines the relationships between local government bureaucracies and urban social movements that have shaped these outcomes. Drawing on sixteen months of fieldwork in both cities, including interviews with informants from government agencies, political leadership, social movements, private developers, bus companies, and water and sanitation companies, Bradlow details the political and professional conflicts between and within movements, governments, private corporations, and political parties. He proposes a bold theoretical approach for a new global urban sociology that focuses on variations in the coordination of local governing power, arguing that the concepts of "embeddedness" and "cohesion" explain processes of change that bridge external social mobilization and the internal coordinating capacity of local government to implement policy changes. Benjamin H. Bradlow is assistant professor of sociology and international affairs at Princeton University. "Urban Power sheds light on the complexities of urban governance in two distinct cities known for their social movement activism. Bradlow shows that the way in which authorities engage with each other and with residents has great consequences for the advancement of democratic ideals. His argument is presented with care, insight, detailed documentation, and a commitment to critical inquiry."-Diane E. Davis, Harvard University "Benjamin Bradlow offers a bold recipe for solving global poverty: strong states with ties to strong social movements can deliver public goods to the poorest of the world's poor. Through impressive fieldwork and clear conceptualizations, Bradlow gives us an answer to the most important question of our day. This book will launch an entirely new conversation in sociology."-Monica Prasad, author of The Land of Too Much "Large cities in the Global South present us with tremendous contrasts: informal settlements next to luxury gated neighborhoods, heart-wrenching exclusion alongside innovative redistributive policies, and governing institutions that can seem simultaneously responsive and indifferent to popular demands. Benjamin Bradlow's landmark book compares attempts to reduce inequality in São Paulo and Johannesburg in recent decades, while developing a framework of urban power that is sure to inspire further research and debate in many other contexts. Carefully researched and sharply argued, this book is a wonderful exemplar of what a truly global urban sociology can be."-Gianpaolo Baiocchi, author of We, the Sovereign "Finalist for the Political and Social Sciences Book Award, Forward INDIES" "Winner of the Best Book Award, Subnational Politics and Society Section of the Latin American Studies Association"

The relationship between colonial pluralism and nationalist civil war in former British colonies Why do some communities fight civil wars over national self-rule while others do not? In Legacies of British Rule, Matthew Lange offers insight into this question through a rigorous multimethod and comparative analysis that pinpoints the combined impact of precolonial statehood and British colonialism. During transitions from empire to nation-state, postcolonial officials in places with large and long-standing precolonial states commonly try to build a unified nation around the dominant community in ways that discriminate against and exclude smaller communities. While such national chauvinism can fuel reactions leading to nationalist civil war, a history of British colonialism intensifies these reactions by increasing sensitivity to national chauvinism and empowering communities to act. Consequently, nationalist civil wars are three times more common in former British colonies than in other former overseas colonies. And yet, Lange finds that British colonialism exerts a very different effect on places with a limited history of precolonial statehood; in an environment with little national chauvinism, British colonialism deters nationalist civil war by promoting more inclusive postcolonial states that strengthen plurinationalism and limit fear and anger over reduced communal autonomy. Lange's account provides valuable new insights into the roots of nationalist civil war, broad patterns of conflict, and the mixed effects of colonialism and pluralism. Matthew Lange is professor of sociology at McGill University. He is the author of Killing Others: A Natural History of Ethnic Violence; Comparative-Historical Methods; Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization; and Lineages of Despotism and Development: British Colonialism and State Power. "Offers a clear, parsimonious, and testable argument, then comprehensively and impressively works through a wide universe of historical cases-using statistical and comparative-historical methods-to show variation in pluralist policies and the varied outcomes that resulted from them in the postcolonial world."-Jonathan Wyrtzen, Yale University "This fantastic new book offers a fresh perspective for understanding how colonial and historical state policies toward ethnic, religious, and linguistic diversity have shaped contemporary patterns of ethnic violence in postcolonial nations."-Olukunle P. Owolabi, Villanova University "This excellent, innovative, and well-developed study is empirically tested on a large number of case studies. Likely to draw interest across many disciplines."-Sinisa Malesevic, University College Dublin "Lange's book offers a novel and convincing account of how precolonial states, or the lack of such states, and British colonial policies that reacted to these varied political geographies combined together to produce postcolonial peace here and endemic conflict there. Sophisticated and nuanced, this is historically oriented social science at its best."-Andreas Wimmer, author of Nation Building: Why Some Countries Come Together While Others Fall Apart

Emanuel Deutschmann is assistant professor of sociological theory at the University of Flensburg and an associate at the European University Institute's Migration Policy Centre. Twitter @edeutschma A study of the structure, growth, and future of transnational human travel and communication Increasingly, people travel and communicate across borders. Yet, we still know little about the overall structure of this transnational world. Is it really a fully globalized world in which everything is linked, as popular catchphrases like "global village" suggest? Through a sweeping comparative analysis of eight types of mobility and communication among countries worldwide-from migration and tourism to Facebook friendships and phone calls-Mapping the Transnational World demonstrates that our behavior is actually regionalized, not globalized. Emanuel Deutschmann shows that transnational activity within world regions is not so much the outcome of political, cultural, or economic factors, but is driven primarily by geographic distance. He explains that the spatial structure of transnational human activity follows a simple mathematical function, the power law, a pattern that also fits the movements of many other animal species on the planet. Moreover, this pattern remained extremely stable during the five decades studied-1960 to 2010. Unveiling proximity-induced regionalism as a major feature of planet-scale networks of transnational human activity, Deutschmann provides a crucial corrective to several fields of research. Revealing why a truly global society is unlikely to emerge, Mapping the Transnational World highlights the essential role of interaction beyond borders on a planet that remains spatially fragmented. "[This book] is rigorously conceptualized and offers a new take on the vast, sprawling, and, at times, contentious interdisciplinary literature on the various phenomena that scholars have subsumed under the label 'transnational' . . . . taking a "satellite-eye's view" to map the transnational world at the planetary scale."---Tahseen Shams, Social Forces "Mapping the Transnational World offers a large-scale look at various human connections spanning national borders. I appreciate the breadth of coverage: the description of regionalization and globalization across eight types of human activity over five decades is a big contribution all on its own. The use of network-analytic techniques to model these cross-border connections is impressive."-Jason Beckfield, Harvard University "This spectacularly ambitious and potentially paradigm-shifting work builds what is indeed one of the first systematic attempts to document, analyze, and explain the totality of migrations on a planetary scale. Mapping the Transnational World is a big empirical step forward for the study of international migration and mobilities."-Adrian Favell, University of Leeds

John L. Campbell is the Class of 1925 Professor of Sociology at Dartmouth College and professor of political economy at the Copenhagen Business School. John A. Hall is the James McGill Professor of Comparative Historical Sociology at McGill University. They are the coauthors of The World of States. Why are small and culturally homogeneous nation-states in the advanced capitalist world so prosperous? Examining how Denmark, Ireland, and Switzerland managed the 2008 financial crisis, The Paradox of Vulnerability shows that this is not an accident. John Campbell and John Hall argue that a prolonged sense of vulnerability within both the state and the nation encourages the development of institutions that enable decision makers to act together quickly in order to survive, especially during a crisis. Blending insights from studies of comparative political economy and nationalism and drawing on both extensive interviews and secondary data, Campbell and Hall support their claim by focusing on the three states historically and, more important, in their different responses to the 2008 crisis. The authors also devote attention to the difficulties faced by Greece and Iceland. The implications of their argument are profound. First, they show that there is a positive side to nationalism: social solidarity can enhance national prosperity. Second, because globalization now requires all states to become more adaptable, there are lessons here for other states, large and small. Lastly, the formula for prosperity presented here is under threat: highly homogeneous societies face challenges in dealing with immigration, with some responding in ways that threaten their success. The Paradox of Vulnerability demonstrates how the size and culture of a nation contribute in significant ways to its ability to handle political and economic pressures and challenges. "There is much to reflect on in this book. . . . [It] is a small, but a useful, addition to the stock of knowledge around what we must hope will be the defining financial crisis of this century."---Michael Reddell, Central Banking Journal "This important and lively book develops a compelling argument about the complex relations between vulnerability and national cohesion. With a focus on how Denmark, Ireland, and Switzerland coped with the effects of the financial crisis of 2008, The Paradox of Vulnerability demonstrates how and why some capitalist states succeed in difficult times."-Peter J. Katzenstein, Cornell University "What enables some small countries to survive global economic forces over which they have no control? Campbell and Hall's answer to this significant question is both sobering and hopeful, and focuses on societies with robust national institutions. This is a well-researched and well-written book."-Bruce G. Carruthers, Northwestern University "Why are some states and not others able to withstand economic vicissitudes such as the 2008 financial crisis? This important book argues that small states perceive an intense vulnerability to external forces, which fosters national solidarity even under conditions of ethnic diversity. Enriching our understanding of the 2008 global crisis and of economic life more broadly, this book offers new perspectives on effective institutions and is a welcome corrective to the view that diversity is an impediment to national cohesion."-Prerna Singh, Brown University QUOTE: "This excellent book delivers an unprecedented analysis of the reaction of small countries in Europe to the financial crisis of 2007–08. A major contribution to a number of debates and research areas-by two of the world's most established political and economic sociologists-it will become a major reference point for many years to come and will no doubt reach well beyond academia."-Francesco Duina, Bates College "The Paradox of Vulnerability makes an important contribution to our understanding of why different states respond differently to similar economic shocks

"Honorable Mention for the Best Scholarly Book, Global and Transnational Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association" Nitsan Chorev is the Harmon Family Professor of Sociology and International and Public Affairs at Brown University. She is the author of The World Health Organization between North and South and Remaking U.S. Trade Policy. Give and Take looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, Nitsan Chorev makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what she terms "developmental foreign aid." Against the backdrop of Africa's pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, Chorev offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. She shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid's own internal contradictions, Give and Take presents groundbreaking insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective. "Hands down the best book ever written on foreign aid! Chorev moves past tired debates on whether foreign aid makes a difference, to provide an in-the-trenches, evidence-based, paradigm-shifting analysis of how foreign aid can make a difference. A must-read for all funders, policymakers, and scholars of development."-Jocelyn Viterna, Harvard University "Drawing on a broad range of sources and displaying an impressive expertise on pharmaceutical markets, Chorev examines the conditions under which foreign aid successfully stimulates local industrial development. The clarity and conceptualization of Chorev's claims, as well as the sound empirical basis of her work, make this book a towering contribution to discussions about the state, aid, development, and public health."-Monika Krause, London School of Economics and Political Science "This is the book interdisciplinary scholars on globalization and development have long been hoping for. Taking on one of the world's intractable problems-foreign aid's effectiveness-Chorev presents a novel way forward with a brilliant contingent theory that is empirically grounded, conceptually sophisticated, and pragmatically consequential. Give and Take shifts social science scholarship on development into a new phase. This should be mandatory reading for leaders in every institution of global governance and aid and for every OECD foreign ministry and development agency."-Terence C. Halliday, American Bar Foundation and coauthor of Global Lawmakers: International Organizations in the Crafting of World Markets "Give and Take provides a powerful analysis into the possibilities of using foreign aid to spur industrial development. Chorev intervenes in the debates over aid effectiveness by bringing sociological insights to bear on the subject. This clearly argued book resets the agenda for research on foreign aid and stands to rejuvenate the field in a more effective direction."-Amy A. Quark, author of Global Rivalries: Standards Wars and the Transnational Cotton Trade

"Winner of the Stein Rokkan Prize, European Consortium for Political Research" "Co-Winner of the Barrington Moore Book Award, Comparative-Historical Sociology Section of the American Sociological Association" Andreas Wimmer is the Lieber Professor of Sociology and Political Philosophy at Columbia University. His books include Waves of War and Ethnic Boundary Making. A new and comprehensive look at the reasons behind successful or failed nation building Nation Building presents bold new answers to an age-old question. Why is national integration achieved in some diverse countries, while others are destabilized by political inequality between ethnic groups, contentious politics, or even separatism and ethnic war? Traversing centuries and continents from early nineteenth-century Europe and Asia to Africa from the turn of the twenty-first century to today, Andreas Wimmer delves into the slow-moving forces that encourage political alliances to stretch across ethnic divides and build national unity. Using datasets that cover the entire world and three pairs of case studies, Wimmer's theory of nation building focuses on slow-moving, generational processes: the spread of civil society organizations, linguistic assimilation, and the states' capacity to provide public goods. Wimmer contrasts Switzerland and Belgium to demonstrate how the early development of voluntary organizations enhanced nation building; he examines Botswana and Somalia to illustrate how providing public goods can bring diverse political constituencies together; and he shows that the differences between China and Russia indicate how a shared linguistic space may help build political alliances across ethnic boundaries. Wimmer then reveals, based on the statistical analysis of large-scale datasets, that these mechanisms are at work around the world and explain nation building better than competing arguments such as democratic governance or colonial legacies. He also shows that when political alliances crosscut ethnic divides and when most ethnic communities are represented at the highest levels of government, the general populace will identify with the nation and its symbols, further deepening national political integration. Offering a long-term historical perspective and global outlook, Nation Building sheds important new light on the challenges of political integration in diverse countries. "In this fascinating account of state- and nation-building across time and space, Wimmer does a great job in convincing readers of the explanatory value of his theory."---Sean Mueller, Regional and Federal Studies "Rich in historical detail, Nation Building explains-through theory, controlled comparison, and statistical tests-how states prosper and fail. With this book, Wimmer's impressive corpus merits inclusion in the canon of great works in historical sociology."-David D. Laitin, Stanford University "Nation Building is an exemplary piece of social science research. With diverse empirical methods, both quantitative and qualitative, Wimmer mounts an immensely ambitious effort to unscramble the complex web of determinants behind nationhood. He emphasizes long-term, slower-moving processes, but is sensitive to their implications for agency, leadership, and policy. A central insight that emerges is that national identity is the product not of ethnic homogeneity but of the inclusive provision of public goods."-Dani Rodrik, Harvard University "Nation Building examines a specific puzzle concerning ethnic membership during the making of nationhood. Why, in some countries, do ethno-political hierarchies in play during the making of nationhood wind up having long lives, while in other countries the process of nation building becomes an occasion for dissolving such differences? Wimmer brings great depth to his analysis and makes this book a major contribution to the subject."-Saskia Sassen, author of Expulsions "This fluent and powerful book demonstrates at the d

Yossi Harpaz is affiliated with Harvard University as a postdoctoral fellow at the Weatherhead Center, in addition to his role as assistant professor of sociology at Tel Aviv University. Citizenship 2.0 focuses on an important yet overlooked dimension of globalization: the steady rise in the legitimacy and prevalence of dual citizenship. Demand for dual citizenship is particularly high in Latin America and Eastern Europe, where more than three million people have obtained a second citizenship from EU countries or the United States. Most citizenship seekers acquire EU citizenship by drawing on their ancestry or ethnic origin; others secure U.S. citizenship for their children by strategically planning their place of birth. Their aim is to gain a second, compensatory citizenship that would provide superior travel freedom, broader opportunities, an insurance policy, and even a status symbol. Drawing on extensive interviews and fieldwork, Yossi Harpaz analyzes three cases: Israelis who acquire citizenship from European-origin countries such as Germany or Poland; Hungarian-speaking citizens of Serbia who obtain a second citizenship from Hungary (and, through it, EU citizenship); and Mexicans who give birth in the United States to secure American citizenship for their children. Harpaz reveals the growth of instrumental attitudes toward citizenship: individuals worldwide increasingly view nationality as rank within a global hierarchy rather than as a sanctified symbol of a unique national identity. Citizenship 2.0 sheds light on a fascinating phenomenon that is expected to have a growing impact on national identity, immigration, and economic inequality. "Citizenship 2.0 makes a significant contribution to comparative studies of citizenship as a legal status. Harpaz has a rare gift for interpreting individual motives and attitudes. With a highly original argument, he teases out all the nuances and emotional ambivalences that drive his respondents toward seeking an external citizenship that they do not intend to fully and immediately use. This book is a real gem."-Rainer Bauböck, author of Democratic Inclusion "Examining an important, rising trend in today's global system, Citizenship 2.0 does us a fine service in exploring the origins and consequences of the dual citizenship phenomenon. Harpaz's analysis is one worth engaging with and holds significant implications for the fields of international migration and international relations."-Alejandro Portes, Princeton University "Well-written and thoughtfully structured, Citizenship 2.0 contends that a new pattern has emerged in which significant numbers of people have taken a highly instrumental approach toward the acquisition of dual nationality. The admirable case studies add nuance to the book's arguments and the quality of the scholarship is high. A pleasure to read."-David FitzGerald, University of California, San Diego "This excellent book shows that today's neoliberal states are reaping what they sowed: strategic or instrumental citizenship. Harpaz unpacks subtle layers in individuals' citizenship strategies through which they navigate a global class structure. The book is innovative for positing citizenship in a context of global inequality."-Christian Joppke, University of Bern

"Winner of the Stein Rokkan Prize, International Science Council" "Winner of the Best Book Award, Political Sociology section of the American Sociological Association" "Honorable Mention for the Allan Sharlin Memorial Award, Social Science History Association" Elisabeth Anderson is assistant professor of sociology at New York University Abu Dhabi. A groundbreaking account of how the welfare state began with early nineteenth-century child labor laws, and how middle-class and elite reformers made it happen The beginnings of the modern welfare state are often traced to the late nineteenth-century labor movement and to policymakers' efforts to appeal to working-class voters. But in Agents of Reform, Elisabeth Anderson shows that the regulatory welfare state began a half century earlier, in the 1830s, with the passage of the first child labor laws. Agents of Reform tells the story of how middle-class and elite reformers in Europe and the United States defined child labor as a threat to social order, and took the lead in bringing regulatory welfare into being. They built alliances to maneuver around powerful political blocks and instituted pathbreaking new employment protections. Later in the century, now with the help of organized labor, they created factory inspectorates to strengthen and routinize the state's capacity to intervene in industrial working conditions. Agents of Reform compares seven in-depth case studies of key policy episodes in Germany, France, Belgium, Massachusetts, and Illinois. Foregrounding the agency of individual reformers, it challenges existing explanations of welfare state development and advances a new pragmatist field theory of institutional change. In doing so, it moves beyond standard narratives of interests and institutions toward an integrated understanding of how these interact with political actors' ideas and coalition-building strategies. "An impressive must-read."---Jaclyn N. Schultz, Journal of Modern History "With exemplary scholarship, Elisabeth Anderson persuasively demonstrates that individual reformist entrepreneurs have been decisive players in the makings of modern society. She has gifted us with a beautifully crafted social history of how early child labor regulations were the mainsprings of social reform, and eventually the modern welfare state."-Gøsta Esping-Andersen, author of The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism "Original, deeply researched, and persuasive, Agents of Reform makes numerous contributions to the study of the welfare state. It's refreshing to have a new take on this period of reform, and the scholarship is top-notch."-Kimberly J. Morgan, George Washington University "This elegant comparative study breaks new ground in our understanding of the development of welfare states. Most scholarship on the subject begins after modern electoral and administrative institutions were already in place, but Elisabeth Anderson asks how important social policies came to be adopted within political architectures that were not quite modern."-Elisabeth S. Clemens, author of Civic Gifts: Voluntarism and the Making of the American Nation-State "Challenging key assumptions about the origins of the welfare state, Agents of Reform is an ambitious and significant book on an important yet understudied topic."-Cybelle Fox, University of California, Berkeley "Through a superb investigation of institutional landscapes, motivations, beliefs, and strategic choices, Agents of Reform achieves the rare feat of weaving an explanatory account of policy initiatives and outcomes that illuminates all the relevant explanatory factors. In so doing, it decisively contributes to our understanding of the genesis of welfare state institutions. A remarkable achievement!"-Ivan Ermakoff, University of Wisconsin–Madison

Mohammad Ali Kadivar is assistant professor of sociology and international studies at Boston College. A groundbreaking account of how prolonged grassroots mobilization lays the foundations for durable democratization When protests swept through the Middle East at the height of the Arab Spring, the world appeared to be on the verge of a wave of democratization. Yet with the failure of many of these uprisings, it has become clearer than ever that the path to democracy is strewn with obstacles. Mohammad Ali Kadivar examines the conditions leading to the success or failure of democratization, shedding vital new light on how prodemocracy mobilization affects the fate of new democracies. Drawing on a wealth of new evidence, Kadivar shows how the longest episodes of prodemocracy protest give rise to the most durable new democracies. He analyzes more than one hundred democratic transitions in eighty countries between 1950 and 2010, showing how more robust democracies emerge from lengthier periods of unarmed mobilization. Kadivar then analyzes five case studies-South Africa, Poland, Pakistan, Egypt, and Tunisia-to investigate the underlying mechanisms. He finds that organization building during the years of struggle develops the leadership needed for lasting democratization and strengthens civil society after dictatorship. Popular Politics and the Path to Durable Democracy challenges the prevailing wisdom in American foreign policy that democratization can be achieved through military or coercive interventions, revealing how lasting change arises from sustained, nonviolent grassroots mobilization. "A groundbreaking sociological analysis of democratic consolidation. . . . [and] a stellar example of comparative historical analysis that builds on original data and rich case studies."---Sefika Kumral, Social Forces "In this timely and necessary book, Kadivar demonstrates that mass unarmed protests alone are not enough to bring about democratic change. Instead, mass mobilization needs to be durable over time-a task that requires developing resilient organizations that build collective identity, democratic norms, leadership, and institutional power. In the current age of global democratic recession, this is a powerful, must-read book for scholars and activists alike."-Erica Chenoweth, Harvard University "Popular Politics and the Path to Durable Democracy is, quite simply, the definitive study of democratic consolidation. Drawing on an original historical dataset and rich case studies, Kadivar shows that transitions driven by prolonged, nonviolent, contentious mobilization produce the most robust democracies. With its powerful arguments about how civil societies and organizational structures shape struggles for democracy, this book is indispensable reading for all those who care about democracy."-Patrick Heller, Brown University "A compelling and superbly crafted book that will significantly reshape how we think about the conditions most favorable to democratic stability. Kadivar persuasively argues that new democracies based on popular mobilizations from below are more likely to survive than those that emerge from other pathways of change."-Robert M. Fishman, author of Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion

How differences in national financial regulatory systems emerged from divergent beliefs about economic order and prosperity The global financial crisis of the late 2000s was marked by the failure of regulators to rein in risk-taking by banks. And yet regulatory issues varied from country to country, with some national financial regulatory systems proving more effective than others. In Visions of Financial Order, Kim Pernell traces the emergence of important national differences in financial regulation in the decades leading up to the crisis. To do so, she examines the cases of the United States, Canada, and Spain-three countries that subscribed to the same transnational regulatory framework (the Basel Capital Accord) but developed different regulatory policies in areas that would directly affect bank performance during the financial crisis. In a broad historical analysis that extends from the rise of the first modern chartered banks in the 1780s through the major financial crises of the twentieth century and the Basel Capital Accord of 1988, Pernell shows how the different (and sometimes competing) principles of order embedded in each country's regulatory and political institutions gave rise to distinctive visions of order and prosperity, which shaped subsequent financial regulatory design. Pernell argues that the different worldviews of national banking regulators reflected cultural beliefs about the ideal way to organize economic life to promote order, stability, and prosperity. Visions of Financial Order offers an innovative perspective on the persistent differences between regulatory institutions and the ways they shaped the unfolding of the 2008 global financial crisis. Kim Pernell is assistant professor of sociology at the University of Texas at Austin. "Visions of Financial Order guides the reader through over two centuries of banking regulations, examining the turning points that made US, Canadian, and Spanish national banking regimes into what they are today. Pernell's bold research offers fresh insight into how culture shapes economic life in ways that are indelibly influenced by contingency, conflict, and crisis. Elegantly written and argued, this important book is as useful for understanding financial regulation today as it is for comprehending our economic and political past."-Sarah Quinn, author of American Bonds: How Credit Markets Shaped a Nation "This book takes an innovative approach to financial sector regulation, offering an ambitious comparative-historical perspective organized around the proposition that each country has dual institutional cultural frames, which are activated during moments of regulation as contending cultural arguments."-Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, University of Massachusetts, Amherst "An impressive achievement. There is a voluminous social science literature on financial (de)regulation, but I know of no other work which analyzes regulatory regimes with this level of historical depth and comparative breadth. Pernell solves the exceptionally difficult analytical puzzle of how to explain cross-national trajectories of financial regulation with an original and quite powerful theory based on the idea of contending visions of economic order."-Adam Goldstein, Princeton University "What is new here is the perspective of a young sociologist with a fresh pair of eyes. It is not easy to come up with meaningful conclusions that can serve as guideposts for future financial policy and sensible regulation. Pernell . . . has certainly done a credible job and has added a fresh perspective to the discussion."