Great Western Railway …

The South Wales Railway was promoted in the 1840s with the aim of completing a rail link between England, Wales and Ireland. As such, the proposed railway was seen as 'a great national undertaking to connect the South of Ireland as well as South Wales and the Metropolis', with many perceived benefits in terms of mutual trading opportunities and greater political integration. Branch lines would serve Pembroke Dock and other destinations, the length of the proposed scheme being around 210 miles. The SWR was intimately connected with the Great Western Railway, and with I. K. Brunel as its engineer, the line was built to the GWR broad gauge of 7 feet 0¼ inch. Although the SWR main line skirted most of the South Wales industrial areas, it connected with a variety of coal-carrying Welsh lines, including the Taff Vale, Cardiff and Barry Railways – all of which eventually passed into Great Western hands as a result of the 1923 grouping. The SWR main line had, in the meantime, been extended to Fishguard Harbour, and this historic line continues to serve as an important rail link between England, Wales and the South of Ireland.

As authorised in 1835, the Great Western Railway extended from London to Bristol, but from the very earliest days, ambitious promoters were planning a whole series of extensions to destinations such as Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Cornwall and South Wales. These extensions were, in most cases, built by allied or subsidiary companies such as the Bristol & Exeter Railway, which, as its name suggested, ran from Bristol to Exeter, and the South Devon Railway, which continued the West of England main line from Exeter to Plymouth. Both of these companies were subsequently absorbed into the parent GWR company, becoming, as far as ordinary travellers were concerned, an integral part of the Great Western system. Although the B&ER is an unspectacular line, the South Devon Railway runs beside estuaries and along the seashore for several miles, the waterside section between Exeter and Teignmouth being one of the most iconic parts of the British railway system.

The Cornwall Railway was authorised on 3 August 1846 with the aim of constructing a broad gauge rail link between Plymouth, Truro and Falmouth. After many vicissitudes, the railway was ceremonially opened between Plymouth and Truro on 2 May 1859. Meanwhile, further to the west, an entirely separate undertaking known as the West Cornwall Railway had been sanctioned with powers for the construction of a standard gauge railway between Truro and Penzance, which would incorporate parts of the earlier Hayle Railway. The WCR was completed in 1852, although there was no connection with the Cornwall Railway until 1859. Despite the 'break-of-gauge' at Truro, these two railways formed part of a through route between Paddington and Penzance and, as such, they were subsequently absorbed into the GWR system as part of the present-day West of England main line.