Dover Books on Mathematics
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Challenging Mathematical Problems With Elementary Solutions, Volume I
by A. M. Yaglom
Part 1 of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Volume I of a two-part series, this book features a broad spectrum of 100 challenging problems related to probability theory and combinatorial analysis. The problems, most of which can be solved with elementary mathematics, range from relatively simple to extremely difficult. Suitable for students, teachers, and any lover of mathematics. Complete solutions.
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Real Analysis
by Edward James McShane
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This text offers upper-level undergraduates and graduate students a survey of practical elements of real function theory, general topology, and functional analysis. Beginning with a brief discussion of proof and definition by mathematical induction, it freely uses these notions and techniques. The maximality principle is introduced early but used sparingly; an appendix provides a more thorough treatment. The notion of convergence is stated in basic form and presented initially in a general setting. The Lebesgue-Stieltjes integral is introduced in terms of the ideas of Daniell, measure-theoretic considerations playing only a secondary part. The final chapter, on function spaces and harmonic analysis, is deliberately accelerated. Helpful exercises appear throughout the text.
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On Riemann's Theory of Algebraic Functions and Their Integrals
A Supplement to the Usual Treatises
by Felix Klein
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
A great researcher, writer, and teacher in an era of tremendous mathematical ferment, Felix Klein (1849–1925) occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics. His many talents included an ability to express complicated mathematical ideas directly and comprehensively, and this book, a consideration of the investigations in the first part of Riemann's Theory of Abelian Functions, is a prime example of his expository powers. The treatment introduces Riemann's approach to multiple-value functions and the geometrical representation of these functions by what later became known as Riemann surfaces. It further concentrates on the kinds of functions that can be defined on these surfaces, confining the treatment to rational functions and their integrals. The text then demonstrates how Riemann's mathematical ideas about Abelian integrals can be arrived at by thinking in terms of the flow of electric current on surfaces. Klein's primary concern is preserving the sequence of thought and offering intuitive explanations of Riemann's notions, rather than furnishing detailed proofs. Deeply significant in the area of complex functions, this work constitutes one of the best introductions to the origins of topological problems.
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Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds
by Louis Auslander
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This text presents basic concepts in the modern approach to differential geometry. Topics include Euclidean spaces, submanifolds, and abstract manifolds; fundamental concepts of Lie theory; fiber bundles; and multilinear algebra. 1963 edition.
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Semi-Simple Lie Algebras and Their Representations
by Robert N. Cahn
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Designed to acquaint students of particle physics already familiar with SU(2) and SU(3) with techniques applicable to all simple Lie algebras, this text is especially suited to the study of grand unification theories. Author Robert N. Cahn, who is affiliated with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California, has provided a new preface for this edition. Subjects include the killing form, the structure of simple Lie algebras and their representations, simple roots and the Cartan matrix, the classical Lie algebras, and the exceptional Lie algebras. Additional topics include Casimir operators and Freudenthal's formula, the Weyl group, Weyl's dimension formula, reducing product representations, subalgebras, and branching rules. 1984 edition.
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The Elements of Non-Euclidean Geometry
by D. M.Y. Sommerville
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This volume became the standard text in the field almost immediately upon its original publication. Renowned for its lucid yet meticulous exposition, it can be appreciated by anyone familiar with high school algebra and geometry. Its arrangement follows the traditional pattern of plane and solid geometry, in which theorems are deduced from axioms and postulates. In this manner, students can follow the development of non-Euclidean geometry in strictly logical order, from a fundamental analysis of the concept of parallelism to such advanced topics as inversion and transformations. Topics include elementary hyperbolic geometry; elliptic geometry; analytic non-Euclidean geometry; representations of non-Euclidean geometry in Euclidean space; and space curvature and the philosophical implications of non-Euclidean geometry. Additional subjects encompass the theory of the radical axes, homothetic centers, and systems of circles; inversion, equations of transformation, and groups of motions; and the classification of conics. Although geared toward undergraduate students, this text treats such important and difficult topics as the relation between parataxy and parallelism, the absolute measure, the pseudosphere, Gauss' proof of the defect-area theorem, geodesic representation, and other advanced subjects. In addition, its 136 problems offer practice in using the forms and methods developed in the text.
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Basic Concepts in Modern Mathematics
by John Edward Hafstrom
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
An in-depth survey of some of the most readily applicable essentials of modern mathematics, this concise volume is geared toward undergraduates of all backgrounds as well as future math majors. By focusing on relatively few fundamental concepts, the text delves deeply enough into each subject to challenge students and to offer practical applications. The opening chapter introduces the program of study and discusses how numbers developed. Subsequent chapters explore the natural numbers; sets, variables, and statement forms; mappings and operations; groups; relations and partitions; integers; and rational and real numbers. Prerequisites include high school courses in elementary algebra and plane geometry.
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The Qualitative Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations
An Introduction
by Fred Brauer
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This highly regarded text presents a self-contained introduction to some important aspects of modern qualitative theory for ordinary differential equations. It is accessible to any student of physical sciences, mathematics or engineering who has a good knowledge of calculus and of the elements of linear algebra. In addition, algebraic results are stated as needed; the less familiar ones are proved either in the text or in appendixes. The topics covered in the first three chapters are the standard theorems concerning linear systems, existence and uniqueness of solutions, and dependence on parameters. The next three chapters, the heart of the book, deal with stability theory and some applications, such as oscillation phenomena, self-excited oscillations and the regulator problem of Lurie. One of the special features of this work is its abundance of exercises-routine computations, completions of mathematical arguments, extensions of theorems and applications to physical problems. Moreover, they are found in the body of the text where they naturally occur, offering students substantial aid in understanding the ideas and concepts discussed. The level is intended for students ranging from juniors to first-year graduate students in mathematics, physics or engineering; however, the book is also ideal for a one-semester undergraduate course in ordinary differential equations, or for engineers in need of a course in state space methods.
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Introduction to Partial Differential Equations with Applications
by E. C. Zachmanoglou
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This book has been widely acclaimed for its clear, cogent presentation of the theory of partial differential equations, and the incisive application of its principal topics to commonly encountered problems in the physical sciences and engineering. It was developed and tested at Purdue University over a period of five years in classes for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in mathematics, engineering and the physical sciences. The book begins with a short review of calculus and ordinary differential equations, then moves on to explore integral curves and surfaces of vector fields, quasi-linear and linear equations of first order, series solutions and the Cauchy Kovalevsky theorem. It then delves into linear partial differential equations, examines the Laplace, wave and heat equations, and concludes with a brief treatment of hyperbolic systems of equations. Among the most important features of the text are the challenging problems at the end of each section which require a wide variety of responses from students, from providing details of the derivation of an item presented to solving specific problems associated with partial differential equations. Requiring only a modest mathematical background, the text will be indispensable to those who need to use partial differential equations in solving physical problems. It will provide as well the mathematical fundamentals for those who intend to pursue the study of more advanced topics, including modern theory.
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Abstract Sets and Finite Ordinals
An Introduction to the Study of Set Theory
by G. B. Keene
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This text unites the logical and philosophical aspects of set theory in a manner intelligible both to mathematicians without training in formal logic and to logicians without a mathematical background. It combines an elementary level of treatment with the highest possible degree of logical rigor and precision. Starting with an explanation of all the basic logical terms and related operations, the text progresses through a stage-by-stage elaboration that proves the fundamental theorems of finite sets. It focuses on the Bernays theory of finite classes and finite sets, exploring the system's basis and development, including Stage I and Stage II theorems, the theory of finite ordinals, and the theory of finite classes and finite sets. This volume represents an excellent text for undergraduates studying intermediate or advanced logic as well as a fine reference for professional mathematicians.
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Sociodynamics
A Systematic Approach to Mathematical Modelling in the Social Sciences
by Wolfgang Weidlich
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This text deals with general modelling concepts in the social sciences, their applications, and their mathematical methods. The author's well-organized approach offers a clear, coherent introduction to terminology, approaches, and goals in modelling. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, it requires a solid background in algebra and calculus. The three-part treatment begins by addressing general modelling concepts, the second part provides applications, and the third discusses mathematical method. Topics include population dynamics, group interaction, political transitions, evolutionary economics, and urbanization. Guiding students through a series of practical applications that illustrate the methods' potential scope, the text concludes with a detailed look at mathematical methods.
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Iterative Solution of Large Linear Systems
by David M. Young
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This self-contained treatment offers a systematic development of the theory of iterative methods. Its focal point resides in an analysis of the convergence properties of the successive overrelaxation (SOR) method, as applied to a linear system with a consistently ordered matrix. The text explores the convergence properties of the SOR method and related techniques in terms of the spectral radii of the associated matrices as well as in terms of certain matrix norms. Contents include a review of matrix theory and general properties of iterative methods; SOR method and stationary modified SOR method for consistently ordered matrices; nonstationary methods; generalizations of SOR theory and variants of method; second-degree methods, alternating direction-implicit methods, and a comparison of methods. 1971 edition.
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The General Theory of Dirichlet's Series
by G. H. Hardy
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This classic work explains the theory and formulas behind Dirichlet's series and offers the first systematic account of Riesz's theory of the summation of series by typical means. Its authors rank among the most distinguished mathematicians of the twentieth century: G. H. Hardy is famous for his achievements in number theory and mathematical analysis, and Marcel Riesz's interests ranged from functional analysis to partial differential equations, mathematical physics, number theory, and algebra. Following an introduction, the authors proceed to a discussion of the elementary theory of the convergence of Dirichlet's series, followed by a look at the formula for the sum of the coefficients of a Dirichlet's series in terms of the order of the function represented by the series. They continue with an examination of the summation of series by typical means and of general arithmetic theorems concerning typical means. After a survey of Abelian and Tauberian theorems and of further developments of the theory of functions represented by Dirichlet's series, the text concludes with an exploration of the multiplication of Dirichlet's series.
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The Number System
by H. A. Thurston
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This book explores arithmetic's underlying concepts and their logical development, in addition to a detailed, systematic construction of the number systems of rational, real, and complex numbers. 1956 edition.
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Harmonic Analysis and the Theory of Probability
by Salomon Bochner
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Written by a distinguished mathematician and educator, this classic text emphasizes stochastic processes and the interchange of stimuli between probability and analysis. It also introduces the author's innovative concept of the characteristic functional. 1955 edition.
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Lectures on the Calculus of Variations
by Oskar Bolza
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This pioneering modern treatise on the calculus of variations studies the evolution of the subject from Euler to Hilbert. The text addresses basic problems with sufficient generality and rigor to offer a sound introduction for serious study. It provides clear definitions of the fundamental concepts, sharp formulations of the problems, and rigorous demonstrations of their solutions. Many examples are solved completely, and systematic references are given for each theorem upon its first appearance. Initial chapters address the first and second variation of the integral, and succeeding chapters cover the sufficient conditions for an extremum of the integral and Weierstrass's theory of the problem in parameter-representation; Kneser's extension of Weierstrass's theory to cover the case of variable end-points; and Weierstrass's theory of the isoperimetric problems. The final chapter presents a thorough proof of Hilbert's existence theorem.
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Algebraic Equations
An Introduction to the Theories of Lagrange and Galois
by Edgar Dehn
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Meticulous and complete, this presentation of Galois' theory of algebraic equations is geared toward upper-level undergraduate and graduate students. The theories of both Lagrange and Galois are developed in logical rather than historical form. And they are given a more thorough exposition than is customary. For this reason, and also because the author concentrates on concrete applications of algebraic theory, Algebraic Equations is an excellent supplementary text, offering students a concrete introduction to the abstract principles of Galois theory. Of further value are the many numerical examples throughout the book, which appear with complete solutions. A third of the text focuses on the basic ideas of algebraic theory, giving detailed explanations of integral functions, permutations, and groups. in addition to a very clear exposition of the symmetric group and its functions. A study of the theory of Lagrange follows. Using Lagrange's solvent as a basis for the solution of the general quadratic, cubic, and biquadratic equations. After a discussion of various groups (including isomorphic, transitive, and Abelian groups), a detailed study of Galois theory covers the properties of the Galoisian function, resolvent. and group, the general equation, reductions of the group, natural irrationality. and other features. The book concludes with the application of Galoisian theory to the solution of such special equations as Abelian, cyclic, metacyclic, and quintic equations.
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Theory of Groups of Finite Order
by W. Burnside
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
After introducing permutation notation and defining group, the author discusses the simpler properties of group that are independent of their modes of representation; composition-series of groups; isomorphism of a group with itself; Abelian groups; groups whose orders are the powers of primes; Sylow's theorem; more. 18 illustrations. A classic introduction.
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Differential Calculus and Its Applications
by Michael J. Field
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Based on undergraduate courses in advanced calculus, the treatment covers a wide range of topics, from soft functional analysis and finite-dimensional linear algebra to differential equations on submanifolds of Euclidean space. 1976 edition.
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Introduction to Mathematical Thinking
The Formation of Concepts in Modern Mathematics
by Friedrich Waismann
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This enlightening survey of mathematical concept formation holds a natural appeal to philosophically minded readers, and no formal training in mathematics is necessary to appreciate its clear exposition of mathematic fundamentals. Rather than a system of theorems with completely developed proofs or examples of applications, readers will encounter a coherent presentation of mathematical ideas that begins with the natural numbers and basic laws of arithmetic and progresses to the problems of the real-number continuum and concepts of the calculus. Contents include examinations of the various types of numbers and a criticism of the extension of numbers; arithmetic, geometry, and the rigorous construction of the theory of integers; the rational numbers, the foundation of the arithmetic of natural numbers, and the rigorous construction of elementary arithmetic. Advanced topics encompass the principle of complete induction; the limit and point of accumulation; operating with sequences and differential quotient; remarkable curves; real numbers and ultrareal numbers; and complex and hypercomplex numbers. In issues of mathematical philosophy, the author explores basic theoretical differences that have been a source of debate among the most prominent scholars and on which contemporary mathematicians remain divided. 27 figures. Index.
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The Geometry of René Descartes
by Rene Descartes
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
The great work that founded analytical geometry. Included here is the original French text, Descartes' own diagrams, together with the definitive Smith-Latham translation.
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The Nature of Mathematics
by Philip E. B. Jourdain
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Anyone with an interest in mathematics will welcome the republication of this little volume by a remarkable mathematician who was also a logician, a philosopher, and an occasional writer of fiction and poetry. Originally published in 1913, and later included in the acclaimed anthology The World of Mathematics, Jourdain's survey shows how and why the methods of mathematics were developed, traces the development of mathematical science from the earliest to modern times, and chronicles the application of mathematics to natural science. Starting with the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, the author profiles mathematics' rise and progress with the development of analytical methods by Descartes, Galileo, Newton, Leibnitz, and others. The text focuses on principles rather than techniques, exploring the foundations of algebra, analytical geometry, and the method of indivisibles. It discusses the beginnings of the correlation of mathematics and natural science in the study of dynamics as well as the emergence of modern mathematics with the infinitesimal calculus. Additional topics include contemporary views of limits and numbers and a brief summation of the nature of mathematics.
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Introduction to the Calculus of Variations
by Hans Sagan
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Excellent text provides basis for thorough understanding of the problems, methods and techniques of the calculus of variations and prepares readers for the study of modern optimal control theory. Treatment limited to extensive coverage of single integral problems in one and more unknown functions. Carefully chosen variational problems and over 400 exercises. 1969 edition. Bibliography.
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Non-Euclidean Geometry
by Stefan Kulczycki
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This accessible approach features two varieties of proofs: stereometric and planimetric, as well as elementary proofs that employ only the simplest properties of the plane. A short history of geometry precedes a systematic exposition of the principles of non-Euclidean geometry. Starting with fundamental assumptions, the author examines the theorems of Hjelmslev, mapping a plane into a circle, the angle of parallelism and area of a polygon, regular polygons, straight lines and planes in space, and the horosphere. Further development of the theory covers hyperbolic functions, the geometry of sufficiently small domains, spherical and analytical geometry, the Klein model, and other topics. Appendixes include a table of values of hyperbolic functions.
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Introduction to Matrices and Vectors
by Jacob T. Schwartz
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise undergraduate text focuses on problem solving, rather than elaborate proofs. The first three chapters present the basics of matrices, including addition, multiplication, and division. In later chapters the author introduces vectors and shows how to use vectors and matrices to solve systems of linear equations. 1961 edition. 20 black-and-white illustrations.
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The Malliavin Calculus
by Denis R. Bell
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This introduction to Malliavin's stochastic calculus of variations is suitable for graduate students and professional mathematicians. Author Denis R. Bell particularly emphasizes the problem that motivated the subject's development, with detailed accounts of the different forms of the theory developed by Stroock and Bismut, discussions of the relationship between these two approaches, and descriptions of a variety of applications. The first chapter covers enough technical background to make the subsequent material accessible to readers without specialized knowledge of stochastic analysis. Succeeding chapters examine the functional analytic and variational approaches (with extensive explorations of the work of Stroock and Bismut); and elementary derivation of Malliavin's inequalities and a discussion of the different forms of the theory; and the non-degeneracy of the covariance matrix under Hormander's condition. The text concludes with a brief survey of applications of the Malliavin calculus to problems other than Hormander's.
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Tensor and Vector Analysis
With Applications to Differential Geometry
by C. E. Springer
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise and user-friendly, this college-level text assumes only a knowledge of basic calculus in its elementary and gradual development of tensor theory. The introductory approach bridges the gap between mere manipulation and a genuine understanding of an important aspect of both pure and applied mathematics. Beginning with a consideration of coordinate transformations and mappings, the treatment examines loci in three-space, transformation of coordinates in space and differentiation, tensor algebra and analysis, and vector analysis and algebra. Additional topics include differentiation of vectors and tensors, scalar and vector fields, and integration of vectors. The concluding chapter employs tensor theory to develop the differential equations of geodesics on a surface in several different ways to illustrate further differential geometry.
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Tensor Analysis on Manifolds
by Richard L. Bishop
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Striking just the right balance between formal and abstract approaches, this text proceeds from generalities to specifics. Topics include function-theoretical and algebraic aspects, manifolds and integration theory, several important structures, and adaptation to classical mechanics. 1980 edition.
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Tensors, Differential Forms, and Variational Principles
by David Lovelock
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Incisive, self-contained account of tensor analysis and the calculus of exterior differential forms, interaction between the concept of invariance and the calculus of variations. Emphasis is on analytical techniques, with large number of problems, from routine manipulative exercises to technically difficult assignments.
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Lectures on Ergodic Theory
by Paul R. Halmos
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This concise classic by Paul R. Halmos, a well-known master of mathematical exposition, has served as a basic introduction to aspects of ergodic theory since its first publication in 1956. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in mathematics, the treatment covers recurrence, mean and pointwise convergence, ergodic theorem, measure algebras, and automorphisms of compact groups. Additional topics include weak topology and approximation, uniform topology and approximation, invariant measures, unsolved problems, and other subjects.
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Topological Transformation Groups
by Deane Montgomery
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
An advanced monograph on the subject of topological transformation groups, this volume summarizes important research conducted during a period of lively activity in this area of mathematics. The book is of particular note because it represents the culmination of research by authors Deane Montgomery and Leo Zippin, undertaken in collaboration with Andrew Gleason of Harvard University, that led to their solution of a well-known mathematical conjecture, Hilbert's Fifth Problem. The treatment begins with an examination of topological spaces and groups and proceeds to locally compact groups and groups with no small subgroups. Subsequent chapters address approximation by Lie groups and transformation groups, concluding with an exploration of compact transformation groups.
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The Absolute Differential Calculus (Calculus of Tensors)
by Tullio Levi-Civita
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Written by a towering figure of twentieth-century mathematics, this classic examines the mathematical background necessary for a grasp of relativity theory. Tullio Levi-Civita provides a thorough treatment of the introductory theories that form the basis for discussions of fundamental quadratic forms and absolute differential calculus, and he further explores physical applications. Part one opens with considerations of functional determinants and matrices, advancing to systems of total differential equations, linear partial differential equations, algebraic foundations, and a geometrical introduction to theory. The second part addresses covariant differentiation, curvature-related Riemann's symbols and properties, differential quadratic forms of classes zero and one, and intrinsic geometry. The final section focuses on physical applications, covering gravitational equations and general relativity.
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Taxicab Geometry
An Adventure in Non-Euclidean Geometry
by Eugene F. Krause
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Fascinating, accessible introduction to unusual mathematical system in which distance is not measured by straight lines. Illustrated topics include applications to urban geography and comparisons to Euclidean geometry. Selected answers to problems.
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Infinite Sequences and Series
by Konrad Knopp
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
One of the finest expositors in the field of modern mathematics, Dr. Konrad Knopp here concentrates on a topic that is of particular interest to 20th-century mathematicians and students. He develops the theory of infinite sequences and series from its beginnings to a point where the reader will be in a position to investigate more advanced stages on his own. The foundations of the theory are therefore presented with special care, while the developmental aspects are limited by the scope and purpose of the book. All definitions are clearly stated; all theorems are proved with enough detail to make them readily comprehensible. The author begins with the construction of the system of real and complex numbers, covering such fundamental concepts as sets of numbers and functions of real and complex variables. In the treatment of sequences and series that follows, he covers arbitrary and null sequences; sequences and sets of numbers; convergence and divergence; Cauchy's limit theorem; main tests for sequences; and infinite series. Chapter three deals with main tests for infinite series and operating with convergent series. Chapters four and five explain power series and the development of the theory of convergence, while chapter six treats expansion of the elementary functions. The book concludes with a discussion of numerical and closed evaluation of series.
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The Origins of Cauchy's Rigorous Calculus
by Judith V. Grabiner
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This text for upper-level undergraduates and graduate students examines the events that led to a 19th-century intellectual revolution: the reinterpretation of the calculus undertaken by Augustin-Louis Cauchy and his peers. These intellectuals transformed the uses of calculus from problem-solving methods into a collection of well-defined theorems about limits, continuity, series, derivatives, and integrals. Beginning with a survey of the characteristic 19th-century view of analysis, the book proceeds to an examination of the 18th-century concept of calculus and focuses on the innovative methods of Cauchy and his contemporaries in refining existing methods into the basis of rigorous calculus. 1981 edition.
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Introduction to Bessel Functions
by Frank Bowman
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
A full, clear introduction to the properties and applications of Bessel functions, this self-contained text is equally useful for the classroom or for independent study. Topics include Bessel functions of zero order, modified Bessel functions, definite integrals, asymptotic expansions, and Bessel functions of any real order. More than 200 problems throughout.
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Basic Algebra II
by Nathan Jacobson
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
A classic text and standard reference for a generation, this volume and its companion are the work of an expert algebraist who taught at Yale for more than three decades. Nathan Jacobson's books possess a conceptual and theoretical orientation; in addition to their value as classroom texts, they serve as valuable references. Volume II comprises all of the subjects usually covered in a first-year graduate course in algebra. Topics include categories, universal algebra, modules, basic structure theory of rings, classical representation theory of finite groups, elements of homological algebra with applications, commutative ideal theory, and formally real fields. In addition to the immediate introduction and constant use of categories and functors, it revisits many topics from Volume I with greater depth and sophistication. Exercises appear throughout the text, along with insightful, carefully explained proofs.
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Sets, Sequences and Mappings
The Basic Concepts of Analysis
by Kenneth Anderson
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Students progressing to advanced calculus are frequently confounded by the dramatic shift from mechanical to theoretical and from concrete to abstract. This text bridges the gap, offering a systematic development of the real number system and careful treatment of mappings, sequences, limits, continuity, and metric spaces. The first five chapters consist of a systematic development of many of the important properties of the real number system, plus detailed treatment of such concepts as mappings, sequences, limits, and continuity. The sixth and final chapter discusses metric spaces and generalizes many of the earlier concepts and results involving arbitrary metric spaces. An index of axioms and key theorems appears at the end of the book, and more than 300 problems amplify and supplement the material within the text. Geared toward students who have taken several semesters of basic calculus, this volume is an ideal prerequisite for mathematics majors preparing for a two-semester course in advanced calculus.
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Numbers
Their History and Meaning
by Graham Flegg
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Extremely readable, jargon-free book for general readers traces the evolution of counting systems, from the primitive techniques of antiquity to computers. Text examines the earliest endeavors to count and record numbers, initial attempts to solve problems by using equations, and origins of infinite cardinal arithmetic.
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Information Theory
by Robert B. Ash
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Excellent introduction treats 3 major areas: analysis of channel models and proof of coding theorems; study of specific coding systems; and study of statistical properties of information sources. Appendix summarizes Hilbert space background and results from the theory of stochastic processes. Advanced undergraduate to graduate level. Bibliography.
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Introduction to Proof in Abstract Mathematics
by Andrew Wohlgemuth
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
The primary purpose of this undergraduate text is to teach students to do mathematical proofs. It enables readers to recognize the elements that constitute an acceptable proof, and it develops their ability to do proofs of routine problems as well as those requiring creative insights. The self-contained treatment features many exercises, problems, and selected answers, including worked-out solutions. Starting with sets and rules of inference, this text covers functions, relations, operation, and the integers. Additional topics include proofs in analysis, cardinality, and groups. Six appendixes offer supplemental material. Teachers will welcome the return of this long-out-of-print volume, appropriate for both one- and two-semester courses.
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Statistical Independence in Probability, Analysis and Number Theory
by Mark Kac
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This concise monograph in probability by Mark Kac, a well-known mathematician, presumes a familiarity with Lebesgue's theory of measure and integration, the elementary theory of Fourier integrals, and the rudiments of number theory. Readers may then follow Dr. Kac's attempt "to rescue statistical independence from the fate of abstract oblivion by showing how in its simplest form it arises in various contexts cutting across different mathematical disciplines." The treatment begins with an examination of a formula of Vieta that extends to the notion of statistical independence. Subsequent chapters explore laws of large numbers and Émile Borel's concept of normal numbers; the normal law, as expressed by Abraham de Moivre and Andrey Markov's method; and number theoretic functions as well as the normal law in number theory. The final chapter ranges in scope from kinetic theory to continued fractions. All five chapters are enhanced by problems.
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Representation Theory of Finite Groups
by Martin Burrow
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise, graduate-level exposition of the theory of finite groups, including the theory of modular representations. Topics include representation theory of rings with identity, representation theory of finite groups, applications of the theory of characters, construction of irreducible representations and modular representations. Rudiments of linear algebra and knowledge of group theory helpful prerequisites. Exercises. Bibliography. Appendix.
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Intuitive Concepts in Elementary Topology
by B. H. Arnold
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Classroom-tested and much-cited, this concise text offers a valuable and instructive introduction for undergraduates to the basic concepts of topology. It takes an intuitive rather than an axiomatic viewpoint, and can serve as a supplement as well as a primary text. A few selected topics allow students to acquire a feeling for the types of results and the methods of proof in mathematics, including mathematical induction. Subsequent problems deal with networks and maps, provide practice in recognizing topological equivalence of figures, examine a proof of the Jordan curve theorem for the special case of a polygon, and introduce set theory. The concluding chapters examine transformations, connectedness, compactness, and completeness. The text is well illustrated with figures and diagrams.
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Integral Equations
by F. G. Tricomi
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This classic text on integral equations by the late Professor F. G. Tricomi, of the Mathematics Faculty of the University of Turin, Italy, presents an authoritative, well-written treatment of the subject at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level. To render the book accessible to as wide an audience as possible, the author has kept the mathematical knowledge required on the part of the reader to a minimum; a solid foundation in differential and integral calculus, together with some knowledge of the theory of functions is sufficient. The book is divided into four chapters, with two useful appendices, an excellent bibliography, and an index. A section of exercises enables the student to check his progress. Contents include Volterra Equations, Fredholm Equations, Symmetric Kernels and Orthogonal Systems of Functions, Types of Singular or Nonlinear Integral Equations, and more. Professor Tricomi has presented the principal results of the theory with sufficient generality and mathematical rigor to facilitate theoretical applications. On the other hand, the treatment is not so abstract as to be inaccessible to physicists and engineers who need integral equations as a basic mathematical tool. In fact, most of the material in this book falls into an analytical framework whose content and methods are already traditional.
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Boolean Reasoning
The Logic Of Boolean Equations
by Frank Markham Brown
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
Concise text begins with overview of elementary mathematical concepts and outlines theory of Boolean algebras; defines operators for elimination, division, and expansion; covers syllogistic reasoning, solution of Boolean equations, functional deduction. 1990 edition.
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Inversive Geometry
by Frank Morley
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This introduction to algebraic geometry makes particular reference to the operation of inversion and is suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students of mathematics. One of the major contributions to the relatively small literature on inversive geometry, the text illustrates the field's applications to comparatively elementary and practical questions and offers a solid foundation for more advanced courses. The two-part treatment begins with the applications of numbers to Euclid's planar geometry, covering inversions; quadratics; the inversive group of the plane; finite inversive groups; parabolic, hyperbolic, and elliptic geometries; the celestial sphere; flow; and differential geometry. The second part addresses the line and the circle; regular polygons; motions; the triangle; invariants under homologies; rational curves; conics; the cardioid and the deltoid; Cremona transformations; and the n-line.
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Introduction to Modern Algebra and Matrix Theory
by O. Schreier
Part of the Dover Books on Mathematics series
This unique text provides students with a basic course in both calculus and analytic geometry. It promotes an intuitive approach to calculus and emphasizes algebraic concepts. Minimal prerequisites. Numerous exercises. 1951 edition.