Ancient Civilizations (Britannica Digital)

The cultural and intellectual achievements of Old World civilizations-ancient Greece or Egypt, for instance-can be glimpsed in present-day societies the world over. Unfortunately, accomplishments of the ancient civilizations of the New World have often been obscured by the colonial forces that eventually eradicated much of their populations. One glance at the imposing architecture left behind by the Inca or the mathematical strides made by the Maya reveals that the early peoples of the Americas were equally as enterprising as their Old World counterparts. This exciting volume introduces readers to the magnificent kingdoms and empires of early South, Middle, and North America and the rich heritage of the peoples who made them.

Frequently cited as a land that birthed civilization and culture as we know it, the impact of ancient Greece on the world cannot be overstated. Its flourishing city-states laid the creative foundations for much of the literature, drama, art, and architecture we enjoy today, while advances in governance and law have shaped the development of democracy. This lively volume chronicles the major events and achievements of this dynamic society and profiles some of its most notable figures. Numerous maps, illustrations, and sidebars transport the reader to the ancient, awe-inspiring past of the Hellenic Republic.

Amidst constant warfare and surges of cultural achievement, ancient Rome luxuriated in the splendors of its conquests and the glory of its Empire. Under the powerful direction of such leaders as Julius Caesar and Augustus, Rome secured its legacy as a foundation for much of the modern Western world. This provocative volume examines the many advances in governance, law, and engineering attributed to the Roman Empire as well as the individuals who shaped its military and cultural trajectory.

The iconic pyramids and striking hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt are but a limited representation of the resplendent culture that once inhabited the Nile Valley. The ancient Egyptians developed sophisticated societies and belief systems, bestowing the world with plenitudes in the way of intellectual and cultural achievement. The vibrance of the ancient Egyptian life-from the dynasties to the masses-are captured in this volume, which also explores the political and social development of the region.

Responsible for the first writing system and home to elaborate kingdoms and societies, Mesopotamia has been aptly labeled as the birthplace of the world's first advanced civilizations. Although much remains unknown about the life and structure of Mesopotamia, the writings and artifacts left behind have shed elucidating light on a number of its significant developments and technological advances. This absorbing volume explores Sumer, Babylon, and the other early settlements that flourished in the enchanting land between the Tigris and Euphrates.