Working Canadians: Books from the CCLH

In October 2005, Jason Foster, then a staff member of the Alberta Federation of Labour, was holding a picket line outside Lakeside Packers in Brooks, Alberta with the members of local 401. It was a first contract strike. And although the employees of the meat-packing plant-many of whom were immigrants and refugees-had chosen an unlikely partner in the United Food and Commercial Workers local, the newly formed alliance allowed the workers to stand their ground for a three-week strike that ended in the defeat of the notoriously anti-union company, Tyson Foods. It was but one example of a wide range of industries and occupations that local 401 organized over the last twenty years. In this study of UFCW 401, Foster investigates a union that has had remarkable success organizing a group of workers that North American unions often struggle to reach: immigrants, women, and youth. By examining not only the actions and behaviour of the local's leadership and its members but also the narrative that accompanied the renewal of the union, Foster shows that both were essential components to legitimizing the leadership's exercise of power and its unconventional organizing forces.

The work of Bryan D. Palmer, one of North America's leading historians, has influenced the fields of labor history, social history, discourse analysis, communist history, and Canadian history, as well as the theoretical frameworks surrounding them. Palmer's work reveals a life dedicated to dissent and the difficult task of imagining alternatives by understanding the past in all of its contradictions, victories, and failures. Dissenting Traditions gathers Palmer's contemporaries, students, and sometimes, critics to examine and expand on the topics and themes that have defined Palmer's career, from labor history to Marxism and communist politics. Paying attention to Palmer's participation in key debates, contributors demonstrate that class analysis, labor history, building institutions, and engaging the public are vital for social change. In this moment of increasing precarity and growing class inequality, Palmer's politically engaged scholarship offers a useful roadmap for scholars and activists alike and underlines the importance of working-class history. With contributions by Alan Campbell, Alvin Finkel, Sam Gindin, Gregory S. Kealey, John McIlroy, Kirk Niegarth, Bryan D. Palmer, Leo Panitch, Chad Pearson, Sean Purdy, and Nicholas Rogers.

From factory workers in Welland to retail workers in St. Catharines, from hospitality workers in Niagara Falls to migrant farm workers in Niagara-On-The-Lake, Union Power showcases the role of working people in the Niagara region. Charting the development of the region's labour movement from the early nineteenth century to the present, Patrias and Savage illustrate how workers from this highly diversified economy struggled to improve their lives both inside and outside the workplace. Including extensive quotations from interviews, archival sources, and local newspapers, the story unfolds, in part, through the voices of the people themselves: the workers who fought for unions, the community members who supported them, and the employers who opposed them. Early industrial development and the appalling working conditions of the often vulnerable common labourer prompted a movement toward worker protection. Patrias and Savage argue that union power – power not built on profit, status, or prestige – relies on the twin concepts of struggle and solidarity: the solidarity of the shared interests of the working class and the struggle to achieve common goals. Union Power traces the evidence of these twin concepts through the history of the Niagara region's labour movement.

Active for over forty years with the Communist Party of Canada, Bert Whyte was a journalist, an underground party organizer and soldier during World War II, and a press correspondent in Beijing and Moscow. But any notion of him as a Communist party hack would be mistaken. Whyte never let leftist ideology get in the way of a great yarn. In Champagne and Meatballs - a memoir written not long before his death in Moscow in 1984 - we meet a cigar-smoking rogue who was at least as happy at a pool hall as at a political meeting. His stories of bumming across Canada in the 1930s, of combat and camaraderie at the front lines in World War II, and of surviving as a dissident in troubled times make for compelling reading. The manuscript of Champagne and Meatballs was brought to light and edited by historian Larry Hannant, who has written a fascinating and thought-provoking introduction to the text. Brash, irreverent, informative, and entertaining, Whyte's tale is history and biography accompanied by a wink of his eye.

Working People in Alberta traces the history of labour in Alberta from the period of First Nations occupation to the present. Drawing on over two hundred interviews with labour leaders, activists, and ordinary working people, as well as on archival records, the volume gives voice to the people who have toiled in Alberta over the centuries. In so doing, it seeks to counter the view of Alberta as a one-class, one-party, one-ideology province, in which distinctions between those who work and those who own are irrelevant. Workers from across the generations tell another tale, of an ongoing collective struggle to improve their economic and social circumstances in the face of a dominant, exploitative elite. Their stories are set within a sequential analysis of provincial politics and economics, supplemented by chapters on women and the labour movement and on minority workers of colour and their quest for social justice. Published on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Alberta Federation of Labour, Working People in Alberta contrasts the stories of workers who were union members and those who were not. In its depictions of union organizing drives, strikes, and working-class life in cities and towns, this lavishly illustrated volume creates a composite portrait of the men and women who have worked to build and sustain the province of Alberta. With contributions by Jason Foster, Winston Gereluk, Jennifer Kelly and Dan Cui, James Muir, Joan Schiebelbein, Jim Selby, and Eric Strikwerda

In the early part of the Dirty Thirties, the Canadian prairie city was a relatively safe haven. Having faced recession before the Great War and then again in the early 1920s, municipalities already had relief apparatuses in place to deal with poverty and unemployment. Until 1933, responsibilty for the care of the urban poor remained with local governments, but when the farms failed that year, and the Depression deepened, western Canadian cities suffered tremendously. Recognizing the severity of the crisis, the national government intervened. Evolving federal programs and policies took over responsibility for the delivery of relief to the single unemployed, while the government simultaneously withdrew financing for all public works projects. Setting municipal relief administrations of the 1930s within a wider literature on welfare and urban poor relief, Strikwerda highlights the legacy on which relief policymakers relied in determining policy directions, as well as the experiences of the individuals and families who depended on relief for their survival. Focusing on three prairie cities-Edmonton, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg-Strikwerda argues that municipal officials used their power to set policy to address what they perceived to be the most serious threats to the social order stemming from the economic crisis. By analyzing the differing ways in which local relief programs treated married and single men, he also explores important gendered dynamics at work in the response of city administrators to the social and economic upheaval of the Depression. Probing the mindset of local elites struggling in extraordinary circumstances, The Wages of Relief describes the enduring impact of the policy changes made in the 1930s in the direction of a broad, national approach to unemployment-an approach that ushered in Canada's modern welfare system.

The "Red Baron" from Local 213 of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) was Les McDonald, once a firebrand Communist activist and the youthful leader of the left faction within the Vancouver electrical workers' union. His fate would be intertwined with the Lenkurt Electric strike of 1966, a wildcat strike that led to the imprisonment of four trade union leaders. Following his involvement as a long-time trade unionist, McDonald went on to be better known for his dedication to the establishment of triathlon as an official sport of the Olympic Games. However, McDonald's important role in Local 213 and the Lenkurt strike-a watershed moment in Canadian labour history-was, until now, the untold story of the first half of his life. Referencing Local 213's Minute Books, newspaper articles, collected correspondence, as well as dozens of personal interviews conducted by the author, this book examines the history of IBEW Local 213 in the turbulent years leading up to the Lenkurt strike. In addition to describing these events and their important historical ramifications, author Ian McDonald chronicles how his father helped to rebuild a left faction within the local union. With a focus on the period between 1955 to 1985, this ground-breaking study of a single construction trade union local-its brief post-World War II experience with Communist leadership, well-known work-site militancy, and repeated interventions by the IBEW's International Office-sheds light on the local's "red" minority activism and ultimately explains why McDonald returned to the world of sport to finish his career. Les McDonald, the "Red Baron" of IBEW Local 213, was a Communist activist and leader in Vancouver's electrical workers' union. His role in the 1966 Lenkurt strike shaped Canadian labour history-an untold story before his later fame in Olympic triathlon. Acknowledgements Introduction 1. A Brief Retrospective 2. Business Unionism 3. Left and Right 4. Local 213 and Red Trade Unionism 5. Rebuilding Local 213 6. Les McDonald and IBEW Local 213 7. The Lenkurt Electric Strike 8. After Lenkurt Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

The emergence, dominance, and alarmingly rapid retreat of modernist industrial capitalism on Cape Breton Island during the "long twentieth century" offers a particularly captivating window on the lasting and varied effects of deindustrialization. Now, at the tail end of the industrial moment in North American history, the story of Cape Breton Island presents an opportunity to reflect on how industrialization and deindustrialization have shaped human experiences. Covering the period between 1860 and the early 2000s, this volume looks at trade unionism, state and cultural responses to deindustrialization, including the more recent pivot towards the tourist industry, and the lived experiences of Indigenous and Black people. Rather than focusing on the separate or distinct nature of Cape Breton, contributors place the island within broad transnational networks such as the financial world of the Anglo-Atlantic, the Celtic music revival, the Black diaspora, Canadian development programs, and more. In capturing the vital elements of a region on the rural resource frontier that was battered by deindustrialization, the histories included here show how the interplay of the state, cultures, and transnational connections shaped how people navigated these heavy pressures, both individually and collectively. Lachlan MacKinnon is the Canada Research Chair (Tier II) in Post-industrial Communities and an associate professor of History at Cape Breton University. He is an active member of the Deindustrialization and the Politics of Our Time research partnership, and has published extensively on topics related to deindustrialization, labour history, and historical memory. His recent book, Closing Sysco: Industrial Decline in Atlantic Canada's Steel City, examined the structural decline of the steel industry in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Andrew Parnaby is an associate professor of History and dean of Arts and Social Sciences at Cape Breton University. He is the author of many articles and books, including Secret Service: Political Policing in Canada from Fenians to Fortress America, with Reg Whitaker and Gregory S. Kealey, which received the Canada Prize in the Social Sciences by the Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences in 2013. Contributions by: Don Nerbas, John G. Reid, Claudine Bonner, Ronald Labelle, Martha Walls, David Frank, Ken Donovan, Heather Sparling, Will Langford, Anne-Louise Semple and Del Muise, and Alvin Finkel The story of Cape Breton presents an opportunity to reflect on how industrialization and deindustrialization have shaped human experiences. Contributors capture the vital elements of a region on the rural resource frontier and place the island within broad transnational networks such as the Celtic music revival, the Black diaspora, and more. Acknowledgements Introduction Part 1 Formations 1 - Empire, Colonial Enterprise, and Speculation: Cape Breton's Coal Boom of the 1860s by Don Nerbas 2 - "The Grand Old Game": The Complex History of Cricket in Cape Breton, 1863 to 1914 by John G. Reid 3 - Bridging Religion and Black Nationalism: The Founding of St. Philips African Orthodox Church and the Universal Negro Improvement Association Hall in Whitney Pier, 1900–1930 by Claudine Bonner 4 - An Invisible Minority: Acadians in Industrial Cape Breton by Ronald Labelle 5 - The Disposition of the Ladies: Mi'kmaw Women and the Removal of Kun'tewiktuk / King's Road Reserve, Sydney, Nova Scotia by Martha Walls Part 2 Legacies 6 - C. B. Wade, Research Director and Labour Historian, 1944–50 by David Frank 7 - "Everybody Was Crying": Ella Barron, Dutch War Bride in Amsterdam and Ingonish, Cape Breton, 1923–2023 by Ken Donovan 8 - Twenty-First-Century Uses for Twentieth-Century Nova Scotia Gaelic Song Collections: From Language Preservation to Revitalization and the Articulation of Cultural Values by Heather Sparling 9 - Industrial Crisis and the Cape Breton Coal