A collection of testimonies from midwives in El Salvador who delivered babies during the twelve-year-long civil war and today fight to protect their ancestral role in the midst of immense government repression.
This bilingual edition includes thirty color photographs and five black-and-white illustrations.
Out of necessity, women in El Salvador began attending births during the twelve-year-long civil war, when pregnant people in rural areas and guerrilla camps could not access medical care. From their mothers and older midwives, these women learned partería-traditional midwifery that was once the norm in El Salvador and has since been prohibited. After the official end to the war, the parteras became central fixtures in the "repopulation" of their country, building new communities, often without electricity or running water or hospitals. In 1994, out of this organizing, the Association of Parteras Rosa Andrade (APRA) was born. Today, the founding members of APRA, along with a younger generation training with them, continue to fight for the reproductive rights of thousands of people living in the municipalities of Suchitoto, Cuscatlán. Three decades since the war, APRA's work is increasingly criminalized by a government that has made homebirth illegal, synonymized miscarriage and homicide, and banned midwives from assisting in hospitals.
Collected in 2019 by Salvadoran American birth worker Noemí Delgado, Guardianas weaves together testimonies from twenty members of APRA to tell a collective story of:
• the experiences of midwives, mothers, guerrilla fighters and "gente de masa" during the armed conflict that took approximately 75,000 lives;
• the role of the midwife during the period of repopulation after the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords, when thousands of displaced Salvadorans were finally allowed back into their homeland;
• the brutal obstetric violence that people giving birth in hospitals routinely face, and how this mistreatment compares to care provided by a midwife;
• the extreme repression Salvadoran midwives have faced since 2011, when the health ministry prohibited home births;
• the ancestral nature of partería, an earth-based art practice that is passed down between generations, and derives from an extensive body of knowledge about safe and empowering births.
This anthology is both a safeguarding of the caretaking traditions of partería as well as a broader invitation to consider the role of birth work in organizing against war, imperialism, and corporate power. Here, the beauty of the testimonies-and the care with which they were compiled-ultimately come together to upend our ideas of what a medical ethnography can be and what an oral history can do. Founded in 1994, the ASOCIACIÓN DE PARTERAS ROSA ANDRADE (APRA) is a group of thirty midwives fighting for the reproductive rights of thousands of people living in thirty-five rural communities in the municipality of Suchitoto, Cuscatlán, El Salvador. Most of the members of APRA either began or continued the work of attending births during the twelve-year-long civil war from 1979 to 1992, when pregnant people in rural areas and guerrilla and refugee camps could not seek medical attention due to the extreme terror inflicted by the US-backed military dictatorship. Rooted in solidarity and a commitment to their communities, the members of APRA continue to care for pregnant, birthing, and postpartum families today. The current members of APRA include: María Melia Martínez Flamenco, Bonifica Ascencio García, María Amalia Molina Menjivar, Fredelinda Antonia Recinos de Cerón, Vicenta Martínez, Ángela Luz Barahona de Avalos, Cecilia de María Rivera de López, Francisca Catalina Blanco de Ortiz, Ana Teresa Avalos, Patricia Hernández, Tomasa Jovita Torres, Natividad Escobar de Henriquez, Lucía Rutilla González, María Martina Lucero, María Dolores Hernández de Rivera, Vilma Coreas Guzmán, Reina
