Confirmation bias is a cognitive phenomenon that plays a significant role in shaping our beliefs and perceptions. It refers to the tendency of individuals to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs or theories, while disregarding or minimizing evidence that contradicts those beliefs. This bias is not limited to any particular field or context and can influence people in a variety of ways, from politics and religion to personal relationships and health decisions. At its core, confirmation bias serves to protect the individual from cognitive dissonance, which is the uncomfortable tension that arises when a person holds conflicting beliefs or encounters information that challenges their worldview. By favoring information that aligns with their existing views, individuals reduce the mental discomfort of having to reconcile opposing ideas. While this process may offer short-term comfort, it can lead to long-term distortions in thinking, preventing growth and the development of more accurate or well-rounded perspectives. This cognitive bias operates at both conscious and unconscious levels. On a conscious level, people may deliberately seek out information that supports their views, whether it be through selective reading, watching certain news outlets, or engaging in discussions with like-minded individuals. However, confirmation bias also operates unconsciously, influencing the way information is processed, remembered, and recalled. For example, individuals may be more likely to remember information that supports their beliefs and forget or dismiss data that contradicts them, even if they are unaware of this selective memory process.
