God Against the Gods: The History of Monotheism and Polytheism

Before delving into specific world religions, this lecture unpacks some general principles about what makes a religion in the first place. Reflect on how humans throughout history have viewed their God or gods. Then turn to the major sacred literature to explore the foundations of religious experience.

Go back to the ancient world to survey "defunct" polytheistic religious systems-that is, religions with few followers today. Your study includes polytheism in Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome. Professor Garland introduces you to the major gods and offers insight into their relationship to everyday people.

Shift your attention to polytheism in the world today, beginning with an in-depth look at Hinduism. You'll explore the major tenets and Hindu gods, and then consider whether Hinduism is truly a polytheistic religion. The lecture rounds out with a survey of folk religions in Sub-Saharan Africa and among Native Americans.

How did monotheism emerge in the human brain? Tackle this fascinating question by reflecting on a blip of monotheism in ancient Egypt followed by the global rise of monotheism in the Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Consider what differentiates these faiths-and more importantly, what might tie them together.

The ability to contact a god is a crucial component of religion. Here, Professor Garland walks you through prayer, sacrifice, and votive offerings as three common ways humans have reached out to their God or gods. Travel the world and across time to examine everything from holy meditations to ghastly human sacrifices.